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Rvt Review > Cerebrovascular Evaluation And Anatomy > Flashcards

Cerebrovascular Evaluation And Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the internal carotid artery?

A

common carotid artery

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2
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery travel before giving off branches?

A

Into the base of the skull

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3
Q

What is the first major branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

ophthalmic artery

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4
Q

At what location does the ophthalmic artery branch off from the internal carotid artery?

A

At the carotid siphon

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5
Q

Which arteries are given off by the internal carotid artery before it divides?

A
  • Caroticotympanic branch
  • Anterior choroidal artery
  • Posterior communicating artery
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6
Q

What does the internal carotid artery divide into?

A
  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
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7
Q

What areas does the internal carotid artery distribute blood to?

A
  • Anterior brain
  • Eyes
  • Forehead
  • Nose
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8
Q

What is the nature of the vascular bed supplied by the internal carotid artery?

A

Very low-resistance vascular bed

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9
Q

What percentage of blood in the common carotid artery flows into the internal carotid artery?

A

70-80%

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The internal carotid artery satisfies the tremendous metabolic demands of the _______.

A

brain

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11
Q

What is the origin of the external carotid artery?

A

Common carotid artery

The external carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery.

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12
Q

How many branches does the external carotid artery give off?

A

Eight branches

These branches supply blood to the neck, face, and scalp.

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13
Q

Name three branches of the external carotid artery.

A
  • Superior thyroid artery
  • Lingual artery
  • Facial artery

These are examples of the branches supplying high-resistance vascular beds.

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14
Q

Which artery is frequently visualized in carotid duplex evaluations?

A

Superior thyroid artery

Its visualization helps differentiate the external carotid artery from the internal carotid artery.

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15
Q

True or False: The internal carotid artery typically has branches in the neck.

A

False

The internal carotid artery normally has no branches in the neck.

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16
Q

What is the typical blood flow direction in the superior thyroid artery compared to the common carotid artery?

A

Retrograde

The blood flow in the superior thyroid artery is usually retrograde due to its course.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The superior thyroid artery is usually the _______ branch of the external carotid artery.

A

first

It is typically the first branch but can sometimes originate from the distal common carotid artery.

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18
Q

List five branches of the external carotid artery.

A
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
  • Occipital artery
  • Posterior auricular artery
  • Superficial temporal artery
  • Maxillary artery

These branches contribute to the vascular supply of the head and neck.

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19
Q

What arteries originate from the subclavian arteries?

A

The right and left vertebral arteries

The right vertebral artery is usually smaller than the left.

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20
Q

What happens to the right and left vertebral arteries after they enter the skull?

A

They unite to form the basilar artery

This occurs through the foramen magnum.

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21
Q

What is formed by the confluence of the right and left vertebral arteries?

A

The basilar artery

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22
Q

Into what arteries does the basilar artery divide?

A

The posterior cerebral arteries

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23
Q

What part of the brain does the basilar artery supply blood to?

A

The posterior structures of the cranial cavity

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24
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

An intracranial communication channel that connects the anterior and posterior circulatory systems

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25
Q

What size is the circle of Willis approximately compared to a common object?

A

The size of a fifty-cent piece

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26
Q

What does a complete circle of Willis provide?

A

An important collateral pathway for blood flow to the brain in cases of stenosis or occlusion

27
Q

True or False: The circle of Willis is always complete in all individuals.

A

False

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The right and left vertebral arteries are __________ in size.

A

asymmetrical

29
Q

What is the hexagonal arrangement of the distal internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries known for?

A

It is known for being interconnected by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries, which serve as collateral channels during significant lesions.

30
Q

What usually triggers blood flow through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries?

A

Blood flow through these arteries is usually evident only when they serve as collateral channels secondary to a hemodynamically significant lesion of the extracranial carotid circulation.

31
Q

What are some variations that can occur in the hexagonal arrangement of brain arteries?

A

Variations can include differences in vessel size and congenital anomalies.

32
Q

Which artery arises from the ophthalmic artery and travels anteriorly and superiorly to the globe?

A

The supraorbital artery.

33
Q

What is the function of the frontal artery?

A

It supplies the mid-forehead and exits the orbit medially.

34
Q

How does the supraorbital artery connect to the external carotid artery?

A

It joins via branches of the superficial temporal artery.

35
Q

How does the frontal artery connect to the external carotid artery?

A

It joins via various branches, such as the superficial temporal artery.

36
Q

Fill in the blank: The major branches of the ophthalmic artery that exit the orbit include the _______ and the frontal artery.

A

supraorbital artery

37
Q

True or False: The periorbital circulation includes branches that do not connect to the external carotid artery.

A

False

38
Q

What is the nasal artery and its function?

A

Branches from the frontal artery to supply the nose and becomes the angular artery.

39
Q

What does the nasal artery join?

A

Joins the external carotid artery via the facial artery.

40
Q

What is the largest interarterial connection in the brain?

A

Circle of Willis.

41
Q

What are intracranial-extracranial anastomoses?

A

Connections between the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery.

42
Q

Name one connection between the ICA and external carotid artery.

A

Ophthalmic and orbital arteries.

43
Q

Which artery connects the occipital branch of the external carotid artery?

A

Atlantic branch of the vertebral artery.

44
Q

What branches connect to the lower vertebral artery?

A

Deep cervical and ascending cervical branches of the subclavian.

45
Q

What do small intraarterial communications include?

A

Intricate network of transdural anastomoses.

46
Q

What forms the meningeal border-zone network?

A

Leptomeningeal collaterals.

47
Q

What is the primary function of arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart.

48
Q

What substances do arteries transport?

A

Gases, nutrients, and other essential substances.

49
Q

How do arteries help regulate blood flow?

A

By contracting and relaxing.

50
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia.

51
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

The inner layer of blood vessels consisting of endothelial cells.

52
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

Smooth muscles and collagenous fibers.

53
Q

What is the role of the tunica adventitia?

A

Outermost layer providing structural support.

54
Q

Fill in the blank: The tunica intima is made of a single layer of _______.

A

endothelial cells.

55
Q

What are the vasa vasorum?

A

The ‘vessels of vessels’ that supply blood to the walls of larger arteries

They transport oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products.

56
Q

What is the primary function of the vasa vasorum?

A

To supply blood to the walls of larger arteries and maintain patency of the internal carotid artery in focal occlusion

They can also serve as collateral pathways.

57
Q

What does the Bernoulli principle state?

A

Total fluid energy along a streamline is constant, with velocity energy and pressure energy being inversely proportional

Higher velocity results in lower pressure and vice versa.

58
Q

What develops as a result of changes in vessel geometry and direction?

A

Pressure gradients

These gradients can lead to areas of flow separation and reversed flow.

59
Q

What does Poiseuille’s law describe?

A

Flow through a rigid tube as being parabolic or laminar

It relates flow to various factors like pressure gradient, vessel radius, viscosity, and length.

60
Q

According to Poiseuille’s law, flow (Q) is directly proportional to which factors?

A
  • Pressure gradient (P)
  • Radius of the vessel (r)

Flow increases with higher pressure gradients and larger vessel sizes.

61
Q

According to Poiseuille’s law, flow (Q) is inversely proportional to which factors?

A
  • Viscosity of the fluid (n)
  • Length of the vessel (L)

Higher viscosity and longer vessel lengths increase resistance, reducing flow.

62
Q

What is the mathematical relationship of flow (Q) in Poiseuille’s law?

A

Q = (P * r^4) / (8 * n * L)

The radius (r) is raised to the fourth power, indicating significant sensitivity to changes in radius.

63
Q

True or False: Small changes in the radius of a vessel lead to large changes in flow.

A

True

This is due to the radius being raised to the fourth power in the flow equation.

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