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BRS > Cerebral vasculature > Flashcards

Cerebral vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A

Vertebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Common carotid artery

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2
Q

What is the venous drainage of the brain?

A

Cerebral veins -> venous sinuses in the dura mater -> internal jugular vein

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3
Q

Which sinus does blood from the great cerebral vein drain into?

A

Straight sinus

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4
Q

Features of extradural haemorrhage

A

Trauma

Immediate clinical effects

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5
Q

Features of subdural haemorrhage

A

Trauma

Delayed clinical effects

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6
Q

Features of subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Ruptured aneurysms

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7
Q

Features of intracerebral haemorrhage

A

Spontaneous hypertensive

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8
Q

Stroke is also known as cardiovascular accident. What is the difference between a CVA and a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)?

A

TIA resolves within 24hrs, whereas a CVA will be more than 24hrs

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for stroke? (5)

A 
Age
Hypertension
Cardiac disease
Smoking
Diabetes Mellitus
(CHADS)
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10
Q

Anterior cerebral artery symptoms

A

Paralysis of contralateral structures
—- leg > arm+face
Disturbance of intellect, executive function and judgement
Loss of appropriate social behaviour

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11
Q

Middle cerebral artery symptoms

A 
"Classic stroke"
Contralateral hemiplegia
----- arm > leg
Hemianopia
Contralateral hemisensory deficits
Aphasia if L sided lesion
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12
Q

Posterior cerebral artery symptoms

A

Homonymous heminopia

Visual agnosia

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13
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticobulbar

Corticospinal

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14
Q

Where do the pyramidal tracts travel?

A

Pass through the pyramids of the medulla

Motor cortex to spinal cord or cranial nerve in brainstem

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15
Q

What do the pyramidal tracts control?

A

Voluntary movements of the body and face

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16
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Rubrospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

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17
Q

Where do the extrapyramidal tracts travel to?

A

Brainstem nuclei to spinal cord

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18
Q

What do the extrapyramidal tracts control?

A

Involuntary movements for balance, posture and locomotion

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19
Q

What innervates the axial musculature?

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

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20
Q

What innervates limb control?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

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21
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract responsible for?

A

Voluntary movements of the face (and neck)

22
Q

Function of the vestibulospinal tract

A

Stabilises head during body movements
Coordinates head movements with eye movements
Mediates postural adjustments

23
Q

Function of reticulospinal tract

A

Changes in muscle tone associated with voluntary movement

Postural stability

24
Q

Function of tectospinal tract

A

Orientation of head and neck during eye movements

25
Q

Function of rubrospinal tract

A

Innervates lower motor neurons of flexors of the upper limb

26
Q

Negative signs of upper motor neuron lesion

A

Loss of voluntary motor function
Paresis - graded weakness of movement
Paralysis

27
Q

Positive signs of upper motor neuron lesion

A 
Increased abnormal motor function due to loss of inhibitory descending inputs
Spasticity
Hyper-reflexia
Clonus
Babinski's sign
28
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Disorder of skilled movement
Commonly due to lesion of inferior parietal lobe or frontal lobe => motor areas
Common causes include stroke and dementia

29
Q

Signs of lower motor neuron lesion

A 
Weakness
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Muscle atrophy
Fasciculations
Fibrillations
30
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

damaged motor units produce spontaneous action potentials -> twitch

31
Q

What are fibrillations?

A

spontaneous twitching of individual muscle fibres

32
Q

What is motor neuron disease?

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the motor system

33
Q

What is ALS?

A

Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis

34
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Decision to move
Elaborating associated movements
Moderating and coordinating movements
Performing movements in order

35
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
External Globus Pallidus
Nucleus accumbens
Subthalamic nuclei
Substania nigra
Ventral pallidum
36
Q

What is Parkinsons?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that originate in the substantia nigra and project to the striatum

37
Q

Signs of Parkinsons disease

A 
Bradykinesia
Akinesia
Hypomimic face
Rigidity (cog-wheel)
Tremor at rest
38
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum. caudate and then in the putamen

39
Q

Signs of Huntington’s disease

A 
Choreic movements
Speech impairment
Difficulty swallowing
Unsteady gait
Cognitive decline
Dementia
40
Q

What is ballism?

A

Sudden uncontrolled flinging of limbs and occurs contralaterally
Usually from stoke affecting subthalamic nucleus

41
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A

Regulates gait, posture and equillibrium

Coordination of head movements with eye movements

42
Q

A tumour at the vestibulocerebellum can lead to…

A

Gait ataxia and tendency to fall

43
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

Coordinates speech
Adjusts muscle tone
Coordinates limb movements

44
Q

Degenerative and atrophy (chronic alcoholism) of the spinocerebellum leads to…

A

Wide gait and stance

45
Q

Degenerative and atrophy (chronic alcoholism) of the spinocerebellum leads to…

A

Wide gait and stance

46
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A 
Coordinates skilled movements
Cognitive function
Attention
Processing language
Emotional control
47
Q

Damage to the cerebrocerebellum leads to…

A

tremor and affects speech

48
Q

What is Babinski’s sign?

A

When the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument, the big toe curls upwards
Associated with upper motor neuron lesion

49
Q

What is clonus?

A

Involuntary and rhythmic muscle contractions
Loss of descending inhibitions
Associated with upper motor neuron lesion

50
Q

What is recruitment?

A

Smaller units are recruited first
As more force is required, more units are required
Allows fine control

51
Q

What is rate coding?

A

BRS (3 decks)

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