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OPTHT801 > Cerebral hemispheres and cells > Flashcards

Cerebral hemispheres and cells Flashcards

1
Q

Which sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

Lateral sulcus

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2
Q

What is the 5th cerebral cortex?

A

The insula cortex
Sits behind the lateral sulcus (oberculum)
Visceral sensation

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3
Q

Which lobe is Broca’s area in?

A

Frontal

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4
Q

What do the pre and postcentral gyri do?

A

Precentral gyrus: motor

Postcentral gyrus: sensory

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5
Q

Which lobe is Wernicke’s area in?

A

Temporal

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6
Q

Which lobe is the auditory cortex in?

A

Temporal

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7
Q

What occurs at the angular gyrus?

A

Visual interpretation

Sits at the occipital end of lateral sulcus

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8
Q

What does the uncus do?

A

Relays olfactory fibres

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9
Q

What occurs at the cingulate gyrus and fornix?

A

Limbic system

Part of autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Where is the somatosensory association cortex?

A

Posterior to the postcentral gyrus

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11
Q

Which parts of the body are represented in the medial side of the precentral and postcentral gyri?

A

Foot, knee and genitals (sensory)

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the medial and lateral post and precentral gyri?

A

Lateral: middle cerebral artery
Medial: anterior cerebral artery

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13
Q

What are the three types of white matter?

A 
Commissural fibres (corpus callosum)
Association fibres (different parts of one hemisphere)
Projection fibres (connect higher centres to spinal cord)
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14
Q

What does the corpus collosum connect?

A

The right and the left hemispheres

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15
Q

What is the difference between the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus?

A

Superior: Connects frontal lobe to occipital
Inferior: Connects anterior temporal lobe to posterior temporal lobe

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16
Q

What is significant about the uncinate fasciculus?

A 
Does not develop until age 30
Connects temporal (emotions) to frontal (personality)
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17
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Inferior and posterior to the thalamus

Superior to the superior colliculi

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18
Q

What connects the two thalami within the 3rd ventrical?

A

Interthalamic adhesions

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19
Q

Where does the hypothalamic sulcus run?

A

From intreventricular foramen to the entrance of the aquaduct posteriorly

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20
Q

What enters the medial geniculate body?

A

Auditory pathway

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21
Q

What is the difference between the VPL and the VML nuclei of the thalamus?

A

VPL contains sensory information for body and VML contains sensory information for the head and neck

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22
Q

At what level does the common carotid divide into internal and external carotid arteries?

A

C4

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23
Q

Which arteries does the internal carotid split into in the head?

A 
Ophthalmic artery
Posterior communicating
Anterior choroidal
anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral artery
24
Q

Where does the vertebral artery run?

A

Up the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae usually from C6
Then enters foramen magnum and combines into basilar artery which forms posterior cerebral arteries

25
Q

What does the anterior choroidal arteries supply?

A

Choroidal plexus which makes CSF

26
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?

A 
Anterior spinal
Posterior spinal
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Pontine arteries
Superior cerebellar artery
Posterior cerebral arteries
Meningeal branches
27
Q

What do the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Anterior: medial anterior 2/3
Posterior: inferior hemispheres and posterior 1/3 of medial
Middle: outer surface
There are anastomoses between these

28
Q

What is the most common location of the aneurysms in the circle of willis?

A

Between Anterior communicating and anterior cerebral arteries

29
Q

What is the blood supply of the thalamus?

A

Posterior communicating
Basilar
Posterior cerebral

30
Q

Which veins drain into the great vein of Galen?

A

Basal vein of Rosenthal

Internal cerebral vein

31
Q

What are the cells in grey matter?

A 
Neuronal cell bodies
Neuropil
Axons and dendrites
Enveloping glial cells and glial processes
Capillaries
32
Q

What are the cells in white matter?

A

Axonal processes
Supporting glial cells
Blood capillaries
No neuronal cell bodies

33
Q

What are the features of a typical neuron?

A 
Large centrally located nucleus
Prominent nucleolus
Nissl bodies (Free ribosomes and RER which stain dark)
Single axon-pale as not much RER
Multiple dendrites
Mitochondria
Neurotubules
Secondary lysosome
Golgi apparatus/stacks
34
Q

Why are neurotubules and neurofilaments so prevalent in dendrites?

A

Neurofilament: maintains extended form of dendrites
Neurotubules: act in rapid axonal transport

35
Q

What are the two types of dendritic synapses?

A

Grey’s type 1: Round vesicles with asymmetric synapse
Grey’s type 2: Ellipsoidal vesicles with symmetric synapse
In pyramidal cells , type 1= mainly dendritic spines and smaller branches. Type 2 =perikaya and dendritic trunks

36
Q

What is the most common site of synapse?

A

Dendritic spines

Each dendrite is contacted by multiple axon terminals

37
Q

Where does collateral branching for axons occur?

A

For myelinated nerves, collateral branches occur at the node of Ranvier (Never at a point of myelination)
Towards their end, axons pass out of the myelin sheath to form the pre-terminal axon

38
Q

Which cells maintain myelin sheaths?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes

Peripheral nervous system: Schwann cells

39
Q

How do axons terminate?

A

In a synaptic filled terminal bouton

40
Q

How to tell the difference between axons and dendrites?

A

Axons: Axon hillock lacking in RER, neurotubules in clumps, myelinated, synaptic vesicles

Dendrites: Larger, unmyelinated, irregular, spines on surface

41
Q

How big is a central synapse compared to a neuromuscular junction synapse?

A

90nm neuromuscular junction

20nm synaptic cleft

42
Q

What holds pre and post synaptic junctions together?

A

Adherens junctions

43
Q

What is contained within small clear vesicles and large dense core vesicles?

A

Small, clear vesicles,: acetylcholine

Dense core vesicles: dopamine, serotonin or noradrenaline

44
Q

What is the difference between an electrical synapse and a gap junction?

A

They are the same

45
Q

What are connexons?

A

Pore like structures between 2 membranes which allow passage of ions

46
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes?

A

Fibrous (more common in white matter)
Protoplasmic (more common in grey matter)
or
Type 1 and type 2 depending on surface antigens and embryological origin

47
Q

What are the two types of oligodendrocytes?

A

Interfasicular-aligned in rows between nerve fibres forming myelin. Each oligodendrocyte may wrap around a node of 15 axons
Satellite- function not clear

48
Q

Why are glial cells important in the CNS?

A

CNS does not contain fibrous investing tissue
Filling space is done by glial cells
Play a role in nutritive support, soak up excess K+ ions

49
Q

What are the morphological features of astrocytes?

A

Star shaped
Small nucleus and dense chromatin
Contains intermediate filaments with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Vesicles filled with glycogen
Terminal expansions of cell processes form end feet which form glial limiting membrane

50
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Endfeet stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions and maintain blood brain barrier
Astrocytes transmit nourishment from capillaries to neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
Astrocytes linked by gap junctions so form continuous transport chain. Remove K+ ions by passing them along towards blood vessels

51
Q

What is the difference between fibrous astrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes?

A

Fibrous: more common in white matter, cyclindrical processes, weaving at right angles, provides physical support to tissue, high density of GFAP
Protoplasmic: more common in grey matter, shorter, fewer glial filaments, envelop neuronal bodies and absorb K+ ions

52
Q

What are microglia?

A

Originate from mesenchymal cells
Reside in CNS in resting state
In tissue injury they transform into large phagocytic cells
5-15% of glial cells

53
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventricles and form cuboidal epithelium with cillia and microvilli
Loose epithelium allowing substances to pass freely from tissue spaces into CSF
No endothelium, just rests on endfeet of astrocytes

54
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

I. Molecular/plexiform: synaptic layer with few cells, dendrites are branches of pyramidal cells
II External granular layer: stellate cells and small pyramidal cells
III External pyramid layer: pyramidal cells, slender axons which run up and down towards deeper layer of the cortex
IV: Internal granule layer: stellate cells
V: Internal pyramidal layer: Large pyramidal neurons include giant Betz cells of primary cortex
VI: multiform layer: small pyramidal cells, cells of Martinotti and stellate cells

55
Q

Describe the fibres within the layers of cerebral cortex

A

Axial and tangential
Radial bundles=small + include axons both entering and leaving the cortex
Tangential= originate from afferent fibres in the thalamus. Often in layers 4-5 and are known as inner and outer bands of Balliarger. Outer band visible to naked eye in layer 4 ( Stria of Gennari)

OPTHT801 (20 decks)

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