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nervous system > Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What is A?

A

Sulvus (dip)

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2
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A depression in the cerebral cortex which surrounds a gyrus

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3
Q

What is B?

A

Gyrus (elevation)

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4
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Elevation in the cerebral cortex surrounded by one or more sulci

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5
Q

Where is the grey and white matter found in the brain?

A

Grey matter on the surface

White matter inside

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6
Q

What is C?

A

Fissure (larger dip)

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7
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter

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8
Q

What is A?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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9
Q

What is B?

A

Corpus collosum

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10
Q

What should be known about the pattern of sulci and gyri?

A

Is variable but some constant features must be remembered

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11
Q

What is A?

A

Precentral gyrus

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12
Q

What is B?

A

Central sulcus

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13
Q

What is C?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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14
Q

What is D?

A

Lateral sulcus

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15
Q

What is A?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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16
Q

What is B?

A

Cingulate sulcus (and gyrus)

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17
Q

What is C?

A

Corpus collusum

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18
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

Thick band of nerve fibres that divides the cortex lobes into right and left

Connects the left and right sides of the brain,a llowing for communication between both hemispheres

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19
Q

What is the insula?

A

Small region of cerebral cortex lcoated deep within the lateral sulcus

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20
Q

What is cortical mapping?

A

Invasive procedure in which electrical stimulation is applied briefly to cortical surface for the purpose of identifying cortical areas for sensory, motor or language function

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21
Q

What are the different areas of the brain in cortical mapping called?

A

Brodmann areas

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22
Q

How many Brodmann areas are there?

A

52

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23
Q

What is the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

A

Sensory information

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24
Q

What is the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

A

Motor information

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25
Q

What are the medial portions (limbic system) of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

A

Storing and retrieving processed information

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26
Q

How does the ‘strength’ of each hemisphere compare?

A

We have one dominant and non-dominant hemisphere

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27
Q

There are primary sensory areas and adjacent association areas in the brain, what is an example of this?

A

Identifying objects in hand by touch

Talking to your friend

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor control

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29
Q

What are some important parts of the frontal lobe?

A

Area 4, precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

Area 44, 45 - inferior frontal gyrus

Prefrontal cortex

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30
Q

What Brodmann area is the primary motor cortex?

A

Area 4

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31
Q

What is area 4 of the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homonculus)

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32
Q

What is the motor homonculus?

A

Map of brian areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

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33
Q

What Brodmann areas of the brain is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

44 and 45

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34
Q

What are functions of the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe?

A

Cognitive functions of higher order such as intellect, judgement, predicting and planning

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory

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36
Q

What are some important parts of the parietal lobe?

A

Pot central gyrus (areas 3, 1, 2)

Superior parietal lobule

Inferior parietal lobule

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37
Q

What Brodmann areas form the post central gyrys?

A

Areas 3, 1 and 2

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38
Q

What is the function of the post central gyrus?

A

Primary senosry area

Receives general sensation from contralateral half of body

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39
Q

What demonstrates the somatotopic representation of the post central gyrus?

A

Sensory homunculus

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40
Q

What is the function of the superior parietal lobule?

A

Interpretation of general sensory information (senosry association area) and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

41
Q

What is the function of the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas

In dominant area, contributes to language function

42
Q

What does a parietal lobe lesion lead to?

A

Hemisensory neglect (neuropsychological condition)

Right-left agnosia (inability to interpret sensation and hence to recognise things)

Acalculia (loss of ability to perform simple calculations)

Agraphia (loss of ability to communicate through writing)

43
Q

What is the medical term for inability to interpret sensation and hence to recognise things?

44
Q

What is the medical term for the loss of the ability to perform simple calculations?

45
Q

What is the medical term for the loss of the ability fo communicate through writing called?

47
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing and smelling

48
Q

What are some important areas of the temporal lobe?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

Auditory association areas

Inferior surface

49
Q

What is the function of the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Primary auditory cortex

50
Q

What are the Brodmann areas of the superior temporal gyrus (primary auditory cortex)?

51
Q

Where are the auditory association areas found?

A

Posterior to areas 41 and 42 (primary auditory cortex)

52
Q

What is the area of the brain that deals with language development called, and what hemisphere is it found in?

A

Wernicke’s area, found in dominant hemisphere

53
Q

What is the function of the inferior surface of the temporal lobe?

A

Receives fibres from olfactory tract, conscious appreciation of smell

54
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

For visual

55
Q

What are important areas of the occipital lobe?

A

Medial surface

Rest of lobe is the visual association cortex (areas 18 and 19)

56
Q

What Brodmann area is the primary visual cortex and where is this found?

A

Area 17, found on either side of the calcarine sulcus (medial surface of occipital lobe)

57
Q

What Brodmann areas are visual association areas?

A

Areas 18 and 19

58
Q

What is the function of visual association cortex?

A

Concerned with interpretation of visual images

59
Q

What are the different lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Limbic lobe

60
Q

Where is the limbic lobe found?

A

Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere

61
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

Involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

62
Q

What are some area that form the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulate gyrus

Hippocampus (medial aspect of temporal lobe)

Parahippocampal gyrus

Amygdala (subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole)

63
Q

What are the language areas?

A

Broca’s area (motor speech area)

Wenicke’s area (auditory association area necessary for recognising spolen words - found in dominant hemisphere only)

64
Q

What is teh motor speech area called?

A

Broca’s area

65
Q

What is the auditory association area necessary for recognition of the spolen word called?

A

Wenicke’s area

66
Q

What is the medical term for problems with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas of the brain?

67
Q

What are the different kinds of aphasia?

A

Broca’s aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia

68
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Understands speech but misses small words

69
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Fluent speech, with new meaningless words, cant understand speech, doesnt know of mistakes

70
Q

What are the differences between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia in terms of where the damage is and paralysis?

A

Broca’s - damage to frontal lobe, paralysis of one side of body

Wernicke’s - damage to temporal lobe, no paralysis

71
Q

What are the 3 types of myelinated axon fibres bundled into tracts?

A

Commisural fibres

Association fibres

Projection fibres

72
Q

What is the function of commisural fibres?

A

Connect corresponding areas of two hemispheres (corpus collosum)

73
Q

What is the function of association fibres?

A

Connect one part of the cortex with the other

May be long or short

74
Q

What is the function of projection fibres?

A

Run between cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres

Pass through corona radiata and the internal capsule

75
Q

What is 3D cerebral tractography?

A

3D modelling technique that maps functional white matter tracts using data collected using MRI

Based on symmetry of brain water diffusion

76
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere

77
Q

What kind of fibres is the interal capsule made up of?

A

Projection fibres to and from the cerebral cortex

78
Q

Where is the internal capsule found?

A

Narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus mediallly and lentiform nucleus laterally

79
Q

What does the internal capsule derive blood supply from?

A

Middle cerebral artery

80
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical nuclei (collection of neuronal cell bodies, grey matter) deep within each hemisphere

81
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra in midbrain (functionally part of them but not anatomically)

82
Q

What is A?

A

Lateral ventricle

83
Q

What is B?

A

Lentiform nucleus

84
Q

What is C?

85
Q

What is D?

A

III ventricle

86
Q

What is E?

A

Caudate nucleus

87
Q

What is F?

88
Q

What is G?

A

Globus pallidus

89
Q

What is H?

A

Substantia nigra

90
Q

What is I?

A

Red nucleus

91
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

A

Putamen laterally and globus pallidus medially

92
Q

Explain the connections of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus and the putamen are the ‘input regions’ receiving inputs from motor cortex, premotor cortex and thalamus

In turn connected to ‘output regions’, the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra

Globus pallidus projects primarility to the thalamus which in turn sends fibres to the motor area of cortex

93
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Help regulate initiation and termination of movement

94
Q

What is the basal ganglia often referred to and why?

A

Extrapyramidal system due to role in controlling motor system

95
Q

What are examples of pathologies that affect the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson

Chorea

Athetosis

96
Q

What are the 3 vague layers of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Outer grey matter

Inner white matter

Deep in the white matter the basal ganglia (which is grey matter)

97
Q

What seperates each hemisphere?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

98
Q

What connects each hemisphere?

A

Corpus collosum

nervous system (48 decks)

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