Cerebral Cortex / Blood Supply / Strokes Flashcards
The function of the primary somatosensory area?
Discriminates shape, texture, and or size of objects
The function of the primary auditory area?
Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
The function of the primary visual area?
Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects
The function of the primary vestibular area?
Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to to perception of vertical
The Primary Somatosensory Cortex receives information from tactile and proprioceptive receptors via a three-neuron pathway:
-Peripheral afferent/dorsal column neuron
- Medial lemniscus neuron
- Thalamocortical neuron
Visual information travels from?
retina ➙ LGN ➙ primary visual cortex
The function of the secondary somatosensory area?
Stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment
The function of the secondary visual area?
Analysis of motion, color, recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation
The function of the secondary auditory area?
Classification of sounds
The function of the Primary motor cortex?
Voluntarily controlled movements
The function of the Premotor area?
Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments
The function of the Supplementary motor area?
Initiation of movement, orientation planning.
bimanual and sequential movements
The function of Broca’s area?
Motor programming of speech (usually in the left hemisphere only)
The function of Inferior frontal gyrus (usually in right hemisphere) ?
Planning nonverbal communication (emotional ges-tures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere)
What are the main groups divided by the internal medullary lamina?
Relay nuclei, Association nuclei, Nonspecific nuclei
What are the motor relay nuclei?
- VA (ventral anterior)
- VL (ventral lateral)
What are the sensory relay nuclei?
- VPL (ventral posterolateral)
- VPM (ventral posteromedial)
- MG (medial geniculate)
- LG (lateral geniculate)
What are the Association nuclei responsible for declarative memory?
- AN (anterior nucleus)
- LD (lateral dorsal)
- M (midline)
What are the Association nuclei responsible for sensory integration?
- LP (lateral posterior)
- P (pulvinar)
What are the Association nuclei responsible for emotion?
MG (medial group)
What are the Nonspecific nuclei?
- I (intralaminar)
- R (reticular)
What structure in the epithalamus responds to color?
Habenula
What structure in the epithalamus responds to sleep/wake cycles?
Pineal Gland
The ACA supplies what lobe(s)?
- frontal lobe (primarily the medial portion)
- medial parietal lobe
The MCA supplies what lobe(s)?
- Lateral frontal
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
The PCA supplies what lobe(s)?
- Medial temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Symptoms of a PCA stroke?
- Visual Loss
- Alexia without agraphia
- Hemi sensory loss/hemiparesis
Pusher Syndrome is typically caused by damage to what structure?
Posterolateral thalamus
What are signs and symptoms of a thalamic lesion?
- Impaired proprioception
- Contralateral sensory loss
- Contralateral hemiparesis
What are typical symptoms of an ACA infarct?
- Contralateral LE weakness and sensory loss
- Behavioral issues related to frontal lobe
- Transcortical aphasia (Left)
- Grasp reflex, hemineglect (Right)
What are signs and symptoms of increased ICP (intracranial pressure)?
- Headache
- Blurred Vision
- Decreased Arousal
- Nausea/Vomiting
A superior quadrantopia is caused by infarct to what structure?
What artery is involved?
- Inferior Optic Radiations
- Inferior Division of MCA
An inferior quadrantopia is caused by infarct to what structure?
What artery is involved?
- Superior Optic Radiations
- Superior Division of MCA
What are symptoms of a left MCA strokes?
Superior Division:
- R face and UE hemiparesis
- Broca’s aphasia
- R face and UE sensory loss
-Inferior Quadrantopia
Inferior Division:
- Superior Quadrantopia
- Wernickle’s Aphasia
- R Face and UE sensory loss
A right homonymous hemianopsia can be caused by infarct to what artery?
Left PCA
A left homonymous hemianopsia can be caused by infarct to what artery?
Right PCA
Behavioral abnormalities can be seen with an infarct to which artery?
ACA
An infarct to which artery may cause declarative memory loss?
PCA
Which artery includes motor and sensory function, lower limb > upper limb?
ACA
Which artery includes includes motor and sensory function, upper limb > lower limb?
MCA
Transcortical Aphasia can be seen with an infarct to which artery?
LEFT ACA
Left hemineglect and grasp reflex can be seen with an infarct to which artery?
RIGHT ACA
What is the most common type of stroke and which artery is most often involved?
- Ischemic
- MCA
______ strokes may be abrupt, or they can have a more gradual onset, with slower recovery and more residual deficits.
Thrombotic
______ strokes result in abrupt onset of symptoms, and recovery can occur most rapidly in the first couple of weeks.
Embolic
______ strokes onset of symptoms is quick, and improvement typically occurs after the extravascular blood is removed and the edema resolves.
Hemorrhagic
A lesion involving complete optic chiasm can cause what type of visual field defect?
Bitemporal hemianopia
