Cerebral Cortex/Association Areas Flashcards
Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?
10,000
The number of neurons in the brain is about how many times greater than the number of humans on the planet?
30X (180 billion)
A typical neuron is wired to about how many of its neighbors?
1000-2000
What is Layer I of the cerebral cortex?
Molecular Layer
What is the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?
Axons
What is Layer II of the cerebral cortex?
External Granule Layer
What is the external granular layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?
Granule (stellate) cells
What is Layer III of the cerebral cortex?
External Pyramidal Layer
What is the external pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?
Primary pyramidal cells
What is Layer IV of the cerebral cortex?
Internal Granule Layer
What is the internal granule layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?
Granular cells
What is Layer V of the cerebral cortex?
Internal pyramidal layer
What is the internal pyramidal layer mostly made up of?
Giant pyramidal cells
What is Layer VI of the cerebral cortex?
Multiform Layer
What is the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?
All types of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform)
What are the three major cell types found in the cerebral cortex?
Pyramidal, granule, and fusiform cells
Pyramidal cells are a source of which projections?
Corticospinal
Are pyramidal cells major afferent or efferent cells?
Efferent
What type of cells in the cerebral cortex function as interneurons?
Granule cells
Excitatory granule cells in the cerebral cortex release what neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
Inhibitory granule cells in the cerebral cortex release what neurotransmitter?
GABA
Do granule cells typically have short or long axons?
Short
Which of the three types of cells in the cerebral cortex are the least numerous?
Fusiform cells
What is the function of fusiform cells?
Give rise to output fibers from the cortex
Most output leaves the cerebral cortex from which layers?
V and VI
Spinal cord tracts originate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?
V
Thalamic connections originate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?
VI
Most incoming sensory signals terminate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?
IV (granule cell layer)
Most intracortical association functions occur in what layers of the cerebral cortex?
I, II, III
A large number of neurons in which layers of the cerebral cortex are short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas?
II, III
What areas make up the bulk of the brain?
Association areas
What do association areas do?
Integrate or associate information from diverse sources
What is a good word to describe lesions that occur in the association areas?
Unpredictable
What area is associated with prolonged though processes, executive functions of behavior, working memory, and elaboration of thought?
Prefrontal association areas
What specific prefrontal association area of important for the processing of emotion?
Ventral medial frontal area
What prefrontal association area is important for the formation of words?
Broca’s Area
What area contains cells that are hyperactive in OCD?
Orbital frontal cortex
What are the three main things involved with the limbic association area?
Behavior, emotions, motivation
What association area is important for analysis of spatial coordinates of the body, language comprehension, naming objects, and facial recognition?
Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
What is a syndrome we discussed involving the parieto-occipitotemporal association area’s function wit its analysis of spatial coordinates of the body?
Neglect syndrome
What is the specific location for general language interpretation of auditory, visual, and somatic information?
Wernicke’s Area
What is the specific area for higher order visual signal processing?
Angular gyrus
What is the term for impaired recognition of familiar faces?
Prosopagnosia
When one identifies an object/face, projections flow from what location to where to allow deciphering of emotional significance of what was seen?
Fusiform gyrus to the amygdala
What is the name of the condition where a person thinks his/her close relatives are imposters due to lack of emotion when VISUALLY seeing them?
Capgras Syndrome
What causes Capgras Syndrome?
Damage/lesions to the parieto-occipitotemporal association area (inability to recognize faces)
The ventromedial frontal association area is able to converge what two things to work together?
Emotion and decision making
What association area is important for basic biologic regulation, emotional processing, social cognition, and behavior?
Ventromedial frontal areas
Ventromedial frontal areas are reciprocally connected to what structures?
Subcortical nuclei like the amygdala and hypothalamus
What was the concentration of serotonin S2 receptors found in monkeys whose behavior was socially adapted?
High concentration
What was the concentration of serotonin S2 receptors found in monkeys whose behavior was aggressive and socially?
Low concentration
