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Physiology Final > Cerebral Cortex/Association Areas > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex/Association Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?

A

10,000

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2
Q

The number of neurons in the brain is about how many times greater than the number of humans on the planet?

A

30X (180 billion)

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3
Q

A typical neuron is wired to about how many of its neighbors?

A

1000-2000

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4
Q

What is Layer I of the cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular Layer

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5
Q

What is the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

A

Axons

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6
Q

What is Layer II of the cerebral cortex?

A

External Granule Layer

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7
Q

What is the external granular layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

A

Granule (stellate) cells

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8
Q

What is Layer III of the cerebral cortex?

A

External Pyramidal Layer

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9
Q

What is the external pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

A

Primary pyramidal cells

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10
Q

What is Layer IV of the cerebral cortex?

A

Internal Granule Layer

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11
Q

What is the internal granule layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

A

Granular cells

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12
Q

What is Layer V of the cerebral cortex?

A

Internal pyramidal layer

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13
Q

What is the internal pyramidal layer mostly made up of?

A

Giant pyramidal cells

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14
Q

What is Layer VI of the cerebral cortex?

A

Multiform Layer

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15
Q

What is the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

A

All types of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform)

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16
Q

What are the three major cell types found in the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramidal, granule, and fusiform cells

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17
Q

Pyramidal cells are a source of which projections?

A

Corticospinal

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18
Q

Are pyramidal cells major afferent or efferent cells?

A

Efferent

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19
Q

What type of cells in the cerebral cortex function as interneurons?

A

Granule cells

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20
Q

Excitatory granule cells in the cerebral cortex release what neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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21
Q

Inhibitory granule cells in the cerebral cortex release what neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

22
Q

Do granule cells typically have short or long axons?

A

Short

23
Q

Which of the three types of cells in the cerebral cortex are the least numerous?

A

Fusiform cells

24
Q

What is the function of fusiform cells?

A

Give rise to output fibers from the cortex

25
Q

Most output leaves the cerebral cortex from which layers?

A

V and VI

26
Q

Spinal cord tracts originate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

V

27
Q

Thalamic connections originate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

VI

28
Q

Most incoming sensory signals terminate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

IV (granule cell layer)

29
Q

Most intracortical association functions occur in what layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

I, II, III

30
Q

A large number of neurons in which layers of the cerebral cortex are short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas?

A

II, III

31
Q

What areas make up the bulk of the brain?

A

Association areas

32
Q

What do association areas do?

A

Integrate or associate information from diverse sources

33
Q

What is a good word to describe lesions that occur in the association areas?

A

Unpredictable

34
Q

What area is associated with prolonged though processes, executive functions of behavior, working memory, and elaboration of thought?

A

Prefrontal association areas

35
Q

What specific prefrontal association area of important for the processing of emotion?

A

Ventral medial frontal area

36
Q

What prefrontal association area is important for the formation of words?

A

Broca’s Area

37
Q

What area contains cells that are hyperactive in OCD?

A

Orbital frontal cortex

38
Q

What are the three main things involved with the limbic association area?

A

Behavior, emotions, motivation

39
Q

What association area is important for analysis of spatial coordinates of the body, language comprehension, naming objects, and facial recognition?

A

Parieto-occipitotemporal association area

40
Q

What is a syndrome we discussed involving the parieto-occipitotemporal association area’s function wit its analysis of spatial coordinates of the body?

A

Neglect syndrome

41
Q

What is the specific location for general language interpretation of auditory, visual, and somatic information?

A

Wernicke’s Area

42
Q

What is the specific area for higher order visual signal processing?

A

Angular gyrus

43
Q

What is the term for impaired recognition of familiar faces?

A

Prosopagnosia

44
Q

When one identifies an object/face, projections flow from what location to where to allow deciphering of emotional significance of what was seen?

A

Fusiform gyrus to the amygdala

45
Q

What is the name of the condition where a person thinks his/her close relatives are imposters due to lack of emotion when VISUALLY seeing them?

A

Capgras Syndrome

46
Q

What causes Capgras Syndrome?

A

Damage/lesions to the parieto-occipitotemporal association area (inability to recognize faces)

47
Q

The ventromedial frontal association area is able to converge what two things to work together?

A

Emotion and decision making

48
Q

What association area is important for basic biologic regulation, emotional processing, social cognition, and behavior?

A

Ventromedial frontal areas

49
Q

Ventromedial frontal areas are reciprocally connected to what structures?

A

Subcortical nuclei like the amygdala and hypothalamus

50
Q

What was the concentration of serotonin S2 receptors found in monkeys whose behavior was socially adapted?

A

High concentration

51
Q

What was the concentration of serotonin S2 receptors found in monkeys whose behavior was aggressive and socially?

A

Low concentration

Physiology Final (3 decks)

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