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Neurology 2 > Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Limbic system 1 > Flashcards

Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Limbic system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. equilibrium
  2. posture
  3. intended movement
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2
Q

Equilibrium from the cerebellum

A
  • control upright stance with vision and vestibular sense

- vestibular apparatus sends signals to cerebellum so know where head and posture are in space

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3
Q

Posture from the cerebellum

A
  • reinforces axial muscle tone

- allows distal (limb) muscles to be ready for motion

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4
Q

intended movement from the cerebellum

A
  • works with cerebral cortex to generate program for planning and execution of intentional movements
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5
Q

Cerebellum anatomy

A
  • two lobes, R & L hemispheres
  • midline is the vermis
  • attaches to 4th ventricle
  • extending into cerebellum from 4th ventricle is the arbor vitae of white matter (looks like a tree)
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6
Q

what is the “roof” of the fourth ventricle

A

velum

- anterior to the cerebellum

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7
Q

Cerebellum: three portions on a transverse plane

A
  • outer cortex
  • inner fibers
  • four deep nuclei on each side
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8
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the midbrain?

A

inferior, middle, superior peduncles

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9
Q

What does the inferior peduncle (cerebellar) contain?

A
  • tracts projecting TO the cerebellum

- ex. spinocerebellar tract containing proprioceptive information

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10
Q

What does the middle peduncle (cerebellar) contain?

A
  • contains fibers from the pontine nuclei
  • ex. fibers from corticospinal tract
  • largest of the peduncles
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11
Q

What does the superior peduncle (cerebellar) contain?

A

output from the cerebellum

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12
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

  • input into from where?
  • projections where?
A
  • input to cerebellum from several places including spinal cord, vestibular apparatus, cortex, pons
  • project to the cortex
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13
Q

Where does the cerebellum NOT project to directly?

A

the body

- all output from the cerebellum goes to the cortex

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14
Q

What are the names of the tiny folds of the arbor vitae?

A
  • folia
  • analogous to gyri in the cerebrum
  • if stretch out go to the moon (aka they are long)
  • gray matter
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15
Q

in the cerebrum and cerebellum what is the arrangement of white and gray matter?

A
  • white is on the inside
  • gray on the outside
  • opposite the SC
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16
Q

Three layers of the cerebellar cortex

A
  • Internal granular layer (interneurons)
  • outer molecular layer
  • Purkinje cell layer in the middle
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17
Q

Purkinje cells describe

A
  • physically large
  • flat
  • single axon
  • huge dendritic field
  • project to deep cerebellar nuclei
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18
Q

Describe the output of a purkinje cell action potential

A

huge: able to cross action potential threshold of postsynaptic neuron

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19
Q

List the three main types of input fiber to the cerebellum

A
  1. Climbing fibers
  2. Mossy fibers
  3. Parallel fibers
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20
Q

Climbing fibers

  • what layer of cerebrum
  • from where
  • describe how they synapse
  • specific or general input
A
  • molecular layer
  • from inferior olive
  • synapse many times on one Purkinje fiber
  • one action potential will cause purkinje fiber to fire due to temporal summation
  • specific input
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21
Q

Mossy fibers

  • what layer of cerebrum
  • from where
  • describe how they synapse
  • specific or general input
A
  • granular layer
  • all pre-cerebellar nuclei except the inferior olive, pons is the largest source
  • synapse only one time on a given purkinje fiber but synapse on multiple purkinje fibers
  • requires a lot of input to cause AP of purkinje fiber
  • general input compared to climbing fibers
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22
Q

Parallel fibers

A

interneurons with parallel fibers that run along the plane of the folia connecting many purkinje fibers

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23
Q

Are mossy fibers, climbing fibers, and parallel fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory!!

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24
Q

Is the output of purkinje fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory (of the deep cerebellar nuclei)

= output of the cerebellum is inhibitory!!

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25
Q

what does inhibition from the cerebellum produce? lack of inhibition?

A 
inhibition = fluid movement
lack = tremor
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26
Q

How are purkinje cells arranged in the cerebellum?

A
  • cells with similar function are lined up next to each other
  • no homunculus like cerebrum, more general in the cerebellum
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27
Q

What type of information do cerebellar inputs have?

A

place specific (not time influenced yet, the cerebellum does that)

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28
Q

what type of information does cerebellar output carry?

A
  • timed bursts of inhibition
  • changes place to time
  • manifests as disturbances in the timing of muscle movements.
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29
Q

What is not initiated in the cerebellum

A

movement, it is just modified

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30
Q

List four cerebellar dysfunctions

A
  1. intention tremor
  2. Past pointing
  3. dysdiadochokinesis
  4. nystagmus
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31
Q

past pointing

A

when touch finger to own nose and someone else’s fingers, can’t keep up with moving fingers

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32
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis

A

inability to perform rapid movement (the timing is messed up)

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33
Q

What is the single largest input to the cerebellum?

A

from the opposite cerebrum through the basilar pontine nuclei

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34
Q

If there is a lesion in the cerebellum, where will the deficit be?

A

contralateral to the lesion

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35
Q

How is cortical grey matter arranged?

A

in layers of neuron cell bodies

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36
Q

Three types of cortical neuron arrangement

A
  1. archicortex
  2. paleocortex
  3. neocortex
37
Q

Archicortex

A
  • associated with the limbic system

- three layers

38
Q

Paleocortex

A
  • olfactory system

- 3-5 layers

39
Q

Neocortex

A
  • 90% of the cerebral cortex
  • 6 layers
  • layer thickness varies with histologically district areas (Brodmann’s map)`
40
Q

Area 312 name

A

Somatosensory area

41
Q

Area 4 name

A

primary motor area

42
Q

Area 6 name

A

Premotor, supplementary motor areas

43
Q

Area 8

  • name
  • describe
A
  • Frontal eye fields

- responsible for saccade (flicking of eyes when look places and keeps L and R eye together when eyes move)

44
Q

Areas 5 and 7

  • name
  • describe
A
  • Somatosensory association area

- interpret sensation in parietal lobe

45
Q

Area 17

- name

A

primary visual area

46
Q

Area 18 and 19

- name

A

visual association area

47
Q

Areas 23 and 24

  • name
  • describe
A
  • cingulate area

- where sensory input from the env. enters the limbic system

48
Q

Areas 41 and 42

- name

A
  • Auditory area

- Transverse gyrus of Heschel in the temporal lobe

49
Q

Area 22

  • name
  • describe
A
  • Wernicke’s area
  • temporal lobe
  • related to speech
50
Q

Areas 44 and 45

  • name
  • describe
A
  • Broca’s area
  • frontal lobe
  • in front of the primary motor strip
  • related to speech
51
Q

Afferent fibers to the cortex (3) list

A
  • cortical association
  • callosal
  • thalamocortical
52
Q

Thalamocorticol afferents to the cortex

A

from thalamus to cortex for excitation

53
Q

Corticoassociation afferents to the cortex

A
  • fibers that travel within the cortex
  • from one hemisphere to the other, one gyrus to another, one lobe to another…
  • don’t leave the corte
54
Q

Callosal afferent to the cortex

A
  • type of association fiber
  • cross midline of the brain
  • corpus callosum (99%) and the small anterior and posterior projections (1%)
55
Q

List three cortical efferent fibers leaving the cortex

A
  • association and callosal
  • corticothalamic
  • corticofugal
56
Q

What does fugal mean

A
  • projects outside the cerebral cortex
57
Q

Corticofugal tract

A

Corticospinal tract

Corticobulbuar tract to the nuclei of the brainstem

58
Q

List the four neurotransmitters pathways that are prominent in the brain

A
  • dopaminergic
  • noradrenergic
  • serotonergic
  • cholinergic
59
Q

Dopaminergic pathways in the brain

  • common example
  • heavy concentration in what path
  • too much =
  • too little =
A
  • substantia nigra to the caudate
  • Tons of dopaminergic projections from brainstem up to the cortex
  • Too little = Parkinson’s
  • Too much = Schizophrenia
60
Q

Noradrenergic pathways in the brain

  • two locations found
  • important nucleus
  • important for what
A
  • cortex and brainstem
  • locus coeruleus in the pons
  • learning and brain “plasticity”
61
Q

locus coeruleus

A
  • when go to sleep, locus coeruleus stops producing action potentials
  • just before wake up, locus starts firing again, increasing noradrenergic input to cortex
62
Q

Serotonergic pathways in the brain

  • role in what functions
  • too little =
A
  • sleep/wake cycle and mood

- too little = depression (SSRI to tx)

63
Q

Cholinergic pathways in the brain

  • important for what
  • involved in what pathology
A
  • learning and memory
  • loss = dementia
  • one treatment for dementia is cholinergic medications
64
Q

How are cortical structures arranged in the cortex?

A

columns of cells (through the 6 layers) with similar connections

65
Q

What kind of scan helps ID functions of diff parts of the brain?

A

PET scan

- picks up high metabolic activity

66
Q

On a PET scan, what parts of the brain would light up during the following tasks:

  • passively viewing words
  • listening to words
A
  • visual association in occipital lobes

- auditory area (transverse gyrus of Heschle) and Wernicke’s area

67
Q

On a PET scan, what parts of the brain would light up during the following tasks:

  • speaking words
  • generating verbs
A
  • Primary motor strip at area of vocal muscles (larynx is at bottom of pre-central gyrus), drives the actual motor movement to create sound
  • Brocas’ area: think about what your going to say, drives the motor area
68
Q

What is the brain

A
  • property of the nervous system that gets things done like walking and eating
  • like lower animals
69
Q

What is the mind

A

part of the brain that makes us human: thought, contemplation, intuition

70
Q

What makes is different from “lower” animals

A
  • sense of self
  • projecting self and others into the future
  • perspective on the last which gives them context
  • abstract thinking like math
  • dexterity
  • ability to teach and learn
  • spirituality
  • alturism
71
Q

How does primary sensory cortical concentration change as move through phylogenic tree?

A
  • area taken up by primary sensory and motor function decreases as ascend tree
  • increases the proportion of higher order association areas (as ascend)
  • humans have sacrificed primary sensation/motor for thinking
72
Q

How does frontal association concentration change as move through phylogenic tree?

A

dramatic increase as ascend the tree

73
Q

What fossa is the:

  • frontal pole in
  • temporal pole in
  • occipital pole
A
  • anterior cranial fossa
  • middle cranial fossa
  • occipital sits on tentorium, NOT posterior cranial fossa
74
Q

two main fissures

A
  • longitudinal and lateral
75
Q

How many lobes are in the brain?

A

5

  • temporal
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • Insula
76
Q

What are lobes divided into? what divides them?

A

divided into areas/lobules by sulci

77
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

78
Q

what separates the frontal and temporal lobes

A

lateral fissure

79
Q

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes

A
  • parietooccipital sulcus
80
Q

what is above the corpus callosum?

A

cingulate gyrus

81
Q

where is the angular gyrus

A

posterior end of the temporal lobe

82
Q

describe the cingulate gyrus

A
  • where limbic system originates
  • continues around into the temporal lobe as the parahippocampus
  • terminates in the uncut
83
Q

Where is the insula

A

medial to the lateral fissure

84
Q

List the five lobes and their basic function(s)

A
  1. frontal: motor and behavior
  2. Parietal: memories and sensation
  3. Occipital: vision
  4. Temporal: hearing, smell, behavior
  5. Insula: behavior
85
Q

Short vs. long association fibers in the cortex

A
  • short: from one gyrus to the next

- long: from one lobe to the next

86
Q

What are commissural fibers

A
  • run between cortices (corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissures)
87
Q

What are projection fibers of the cortex?

A

leave the cortex and descend to basal ganglia, brainstem, or spinal cord

88
Q

What are the three parts of the corpus callosum?

A
  • genu (knee, at the bend)
  • body (long)
  • splenium (most posterior, little nubbin)

Neurology 2 (21 decks)

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