cerebellum & basal ganglia

Question 1

cerebrocerebellum

Answer 1

• input from many areas of the cerebral cortex
• regulation of highly skilled movements
• planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences of movement, including speech

Question 2

spinocerebellum

Answer 2

• input directly from the spinal cord (clark’s nucleus)
• lateral part, movement of distal muscles
• medial part (vermis), movement proximal muscles and eyes

Question 3

vestibulocerebellum

Answer 3

• input from vesticular nuclei
• vestibulo-ocular reflex
• posture & equilibrium

Question 4

each cerebellar hemisphere is concerned with the ___________ side of the body

Answer 4

ipsilateral

Question 5

cerebellum outputs

cortex –>

Answer 5

cortex –> cerebrocerebellum –> dentate nucleus –> premotor cortex
MOTOR PLANNING!

Question 6

cerebellum outputs

vestibular nerve of CN VII –>

Answer 6

vestibular nerve of CN VII –> vestibulocerebellum –> vestibular nuclei –> LMNs in the SC and brainstem
BALANCE!

Question 7

cerebellum outputs

clark’s nucleus and mesencephalic nucleus of CN V

Answer 7

clark’s nucleus and mesencephalic nucleus of CN V –> spinocerebellum –> interposed and fastigial nuclei –> motor cortex and brainstem
MOTOR EXECUTION!

Question 8

ataxia

Answer 8

• lack of coordination of ongoing movements
• difficulty producing smooth, well-coordinated, multi-jointed movements
• jerky and imprecise actions
• wide-based gait with small shuffling movements (damage to spinocerebellum)

Question 9

persistent errors in movement

Answer 9

always on the same side of body as the damage to the cerebellum

Question 10

dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 10

difficulty performing rapid alternating movements

Question 11

dysmetria

Answer 11

over/under-reaching

Question 12

intention (action) tremor

Answer 12

accompanies over- and undershooting of a movement

Question 13

nystagmus

Answer 13

eyes have trouble maintaining fixation and drift from the target then jump back to it with a corrective saccade (damage to vestibulocerebellum)

Question 14

impairments in highly skilled sequences of learned movements

Answer 14

speech (dysarthria), playing a musical instrument

damage to cerebrocerebellum

Question 15

major nuclei of basal ganglia concerned with motor function

Answer 15

caudate (corpus striatum)
putamen (corpus striatum)
globus pallidus

Question 16

two structures closely associated with motor functions of basal ganglia nucleu

Answer 16

substantia nigra (midbrain)
sub thalamic nucleus (ventral thalamus)

Question 17

basal ganglia synapse with ??

Answer 17

ONLY UMN

-no LMN or interneurons

Question 18

role of nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 18

decrease inhibitory outflow of the basal ganglia, increasing the excitability of upper motor neurons
*input from substantial nigra to the corpus striatum - dopaminergic

Question 19

parkinson’s disease

Answer 19

• dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta are destroyed
• high inhibitory outflow of basal ganglia
• hypokinetic movement disorder

Question 20

parkinson’s disease symptoms

Answer 20

akinesia
bradykinesia
lack of associated movements
lack of normal spontaneous movement
passive tremor/pill rolling
rigidity

Question 21

huntington’s disease

Answer 21

• medium spiny neurons that project to the external segment of the globus pallidus degenerate
• low inhibitory outflow of basal ganglia
• hyperkinetic movement disorder

Question 22

huntington’s disease symptoms

Answer 22

chorea
dystonia
rigidity
impaired gait, posture and balance
slow, uncoordinated fine movements

Question 23

list hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 23

huntington’s disease
ballismus
tourette’s syndrome