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ANAT1019 Neuro > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

the cerebellum is located in ________ below the ________ (located in the ________)

A

the cerebellum is located in POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA below the TENTORIUM CEREBELLI (located in the TRANSVERSE FISSURE)

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2
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli support and protect?

A

tentorium cerebelli supports the occipital lobe and protects cerebellum from the weight of occipital lobe

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3
Q

what are the two hemispheres of the cerebellum seperated by?

A

the vermis

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4
Q

what side is the vermis most visible on?

A

posterior side

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5
Q

two _____ on the anterior surface and two _____ on the inferior surface are present on the cerebellum

A

two FLOCCULI on the anterior surface and two CEREBELLAR TONSILS on the inferior surface are present on the cerebellum

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6
Q

what are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes

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7
Q

what are the anterior and posterior lobes seperated by?

A

the primary fissue

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8
Q

what are the posterior and flocculonodular lobes seperated by?

A

posterolateral fissure

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9
Q

what does the horizontal fissure divide?

A

divides the cerebellum into equal upper and lower halves

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10
Q

the _____ is the most inferior part of the vermis

A

the NODULES is the most inferior part of the vermis

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11
Q

the ______ are part of the posterior lobe, but posses no distinct function

A

the CEREBELLAR TONSILS are part of the posterior lobe, but posses no distinct function

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12
Q

where do the superior and inferior medullary vela merge?

A

at the fastigium

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13
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncles contains axons to/from the ________

A

the superior cerebellar peduncles contains axons to/from the MIDBRAIN

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14
Q

the middle cerebellar peduncles contains axons to/from the _______

A

the middle cerebellar peduncles contains axons to/from the PONS

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15
Q

the inferior cerebellar peduncles contains axons to/from the _______

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncles contains axons to/from the MEDULLA

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16
Q

all axons that enter/exit the cerebellum have to pass through the ________

A

all axons that enter/exit the cerebellum have to pass through the CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

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17
Q

the superior half of the cerebellum is supplied by one ________

A

the superior half of the cerebellum is supplied by one SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY

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18
Q

the inferior half of the cerebellum is supplied by two ______ (_____ & _____)

A

the inferior half of the cerebellum is supplied by two INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERIES (AICA & PICA)

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19
Q

the superior and anterior inferior (AICA) cerebellar arteries are branches of ________

A

the superior and anterior inferior (AICA) cerebellar arteries are branches of BASILAR ARTERY

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20
Q

posterior inferior (PICA) cerebellar arteries are branches of the ________

A

posterior inferior (PICA) cerebellar arteries are branches of the VERTEBRAL ARTERY

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21
Q

what are the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei?

1) ??
2) ?? = ?? + ??
3) ??

A

1) dentate nuclei
2) interposed nuclei = emboliform nuclei + globose nuclei
3) fastigial nuclei

22
Q

what are the three neuronal layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. molecular cell layer
  2. purkinje cell layer
  3. granular cell layer
23
Q

what 2 fibres does the cerebellum lack?

A

commissural and association fibres

24
Q

mossy fibres include all afferent fibres (from ______) and target the _____ layer

A

mossy fibres include all afferent fibres (from EVERYWHERE) and target the GRANULAR layer

25
Q

climbing fibres include only afferent fibres from _______ and targets the _____ layer

A

climbing fibres include only afferent fibres from INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS and targets the PURKINJE layer

26
Q

what are the four main functions of the cerebellar?

1) regulates and coordinates _______
2) maintains ________ & ________
3) involved in _______
4) controls _______ side of body

A

1) regulates and coordinates VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
2) maintains BALANCE & POSTURE
3) involved in MOTOR LEARNING
4) controls IPSILATERAL side of body

27
Q

describe the feedback mechanism.

A

motor actions get sent by the CNS and go to the muscle, tendon and joint action and from the action we get some sensory feedback to the CNS

28
Q

what is sensory feedback?

A

sensory feedback is required by motor centres to monitor whether motor actions are progressing in accordance to the motor plan, and if adjustments are required

29
Q

describe (and draw) the feedback system pathway.

A
  • motor action gets sent down via pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways
  • goes to skeletal muscles to activate (another copy ‘motor plan copy’ is sent to the cerebellum via the mossy fibres)
  • depending on how the movement went, we get sensory feedback about the movement (via muscle spindles & GTOs) and that gets sent back via the posterior spinocerebellar pathway (lower limbs) and cuneocerebellar pathway (upper limb)- this gives us feedback on how the movement actually went
  • the feedback is sent to the cerebellum via mossy fibres or/and an error signal is sent to the cerebellum via climbing fibres
  • the cerebellum compares motor actions w/ sensory feedback and can detect errors between the action and the feedback
  • if needed, error correction is sent from the cerebellum to the motor action via output of climbing fibres
    (see notes for drawing)
30
Q

is the feedback system suitable for slow or fast movements?

A

slow movements

31
Q

describe (and draw) the feed forward system pathway.

A
  • motor action is sent via pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways to the skeletal muscle and a motor plan copy is sent to the cerebellum via the mossy fibres
  • also get sensory information sent into the cerebellum in advance via mossy fibres telling us where we are in space, the position of our body and info about previous learned experience
  • cerebellum integrates those and makes a predicted output about how the plan should go
  • cerebellum predicts outcome of motor actions based on sensory information and prior experience (is a predictor) or it recommends a plan
  • cerebellum modulates/adjusts motor actions before an error occurs (is a modulator) and it anticipates a suitable motor action to produce smooth and precise movements
    (see notes for drawing)
32
Q

is the feed forward system suitable for slow or fast movements?

A

fast movements

33
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum composed of?

A

flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nuclei

34
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum receive its projection from?

A

from vestibular nuclei and vestibular nerve

35
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum function?

A

influences the activity of vestibular nuclei, for purposes of error correction

36
Q

describe (and draw) the vestibulocerebellar loop.

A
  • get info sent from the vestibular nuclei about where our head is in space and how tilted it is (and so forth)
  • it gets sent to the flocculonodular lobe via the vestibulocerebellar tract (there is an afferent copy that gets sent to the fastigial nuclei- for integration purposes as it compares sensory information to see of there are any errors)
  • from the flocculonodular lobe, it comes up with an appropriate plan and sends it to the fastigial nuclei (via the efferent pathway from the cortex)
  • from there it goes back to the vestibular nuclei via the cerebello-vestibular tract (what gets sent back is the adjusted motor plan)
  • from the vestibular nuclei it goes through the vestibulospinal tract to the spinal cord where it modulates skeletal muscles
    (see notes for drawing)
37
Q

what is the spinocerebellum composed of?

A

composed of the anterior lobe (without the nodule), intermediate hemisphere, fastigial and interposed (emboliform and globose) nuclei

38
Q

where does the spinocerebellum receive its input from?

A

from ipsilateral spinal cord mainly concerning unconscious proprioception through the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

39
Q

what is the spinocerebellum function?

A

regulates muscle tone, posture and balance

40
Q

describe (and draw) the spinocerebellar loop.

A
  • initially gets sensory emission from the spinal cord via the spinocerebellar tracts giving us information about where our body is in space (afferent copy sent to the fastigial and interposed nuclei)
  • it goes to the regions in the cerebellum -> it adjusts the motor plan and sends to the fastigial and interposed nuclei via the efferent pathway from the cortex
  • it then compares the sensory to the motor and sends out an adjusted plan to the brainstem (specifically to the red nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei)
  • then goes through the extrapyramidal pathways (rubro-, recticulo-, vestibulospinal tracts) to the spinal cord -> skeletal muscles
    (see notes for drawing)
41
Q

what is the cerebrocerebellum composed of?

A

composed of lateral hemispheres and dentate nuclei

42
Q

where does the cerebrocerebellum receive its input from?

A

receives projections primarily from contralateral motor cortex

43
Q

what is the cerebrocerebellum function?

A

coordinates fast and alternating movements (e.g. writing and speech production) by planning the movements w/ regard to their direction, timing and force (muscle strength)

44
Q

describe (and draw) the cerebrocerebellar loop.

A
  • starts at the motor cortices (with input all over but specifically the premotor cortex) -> to the pontine nuclei via the corticospinal tract (afferent copy is sent to the dentate nuclei)
  • crosses over to the other side and goes to the lateral cerebellar hemipsheres via the ponto-cerebellar nuclei
  • dentate nuclei via the efferent pathway from cortex when it integrates information then sends to back to the thalamus via the dentatothalamic tract
    (also have another output from dentatothalamic tract to the red nucleus which is called the dentatorubral tract)
  • from the thalamus it goes back to the cortex via the thalamocortical tract -> pyramidal tract to the spine
    (contralateral side)
    (see notes for drawing)
45
Q

what loop lesions cause truncal ataxia?

A

spinocerbellar and vestibulocerebellar

46
Q

what loop lesions cause limb ataxia?

A

cerebrocerebellar

47
Q

why do you get ataxic gait during alcohol consumption and what loop does it relate to?

A

you have a lack of coordinate gait due to your loss of balance because there is a lack of error correction in recticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts == spinocerebellum

48
Q

why do you get involuntary & uncoordinated eye movements during alcohol consumption and what loop does it relate to?

A

you get ataxia of the eye due to lack of error correction is vestibulo-ocular reflex == vestibulocerebellum

49
Q

why does slurry speech occur during alcohol consumption and what loop does it relate to?

A

due to lack of error correction in corticonuclear tract == cerebrocerebellum

50
Q

why do you have a loss of skilled movement (dyspraxia) during alcohol consumption and what loop does it relate to ?

A

due to lack of error correction in corticospinal tract == cerebrocerebellum

ANAT1019 Neuro (12 decks)

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