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Neurophysiology Loyola > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior, posterior, and floculonodular

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2
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the brainstem

A

4th ventricle

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3
Q

What are the 4 nuclei of the cerebellum from lateral to medial

A

Dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigial

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4
Q

What are the 2 input pathways of the cerebellum

A

Middle and inferior peduncles

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5
Q

What is the output pathway of the cerebellum

A

Superior peduncle

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6
Q

What is the afferent innervation to the inferior peduncle

A

Vestibulocerebellar, dorsal spinocerebellar, and cuneocerebellar; also reticular formation, trigeminocerebellar, pontine nuclei, Raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, and hypothalamus; mossy fibers, inferior olivary nucleus; climbing fibers

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7
Q

Where do the vestibulocerebellar afferents convey information from?

A

Vestibular nuclei and ganglia

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8
Q

Where do the dorsal spinocerebellar afferents convey information from?

A

lower extremity and trunk

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9
Q

Where do cuneocerebellar afferents convey information from?

A

Upper extremity

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10
Q

Where do trigemniocerebellar afferents convey information from?

A

Head and neck

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11
Q

Which is the only peduncle to receive afferent innervation from climbing fibers?

A

Inferior

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12
Q

What is the efferent innervation from the inferior peduncle

A

To the vestibular nuclei (feedback), DESCENDING MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus), reticular formation and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the afferents that go to the superior peduncle?

A

Ventral spinocerebellar (double crossed); mossy fibers

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14
Q

What does the ventral spinocerebellar afferent function in?

A

Conscious proprioception

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15
Q

What is the efferent from the superior peduncle?

A

Denticulothalamic tract (VL/VA) and red nucleus. Also inferior olivary nucleus, PAG, reticular formation, ASCENDING MLF, and pontine nuclei

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16
Q

What are the afferents to the middle peduncle

A

Pontocerebellar fibers (motor cortex to pontine nuclei, major input to cerebellum); mossy fibers

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17
Q

What is the efferent innervation from the middle peduncle

A

THERE ARE NONE

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18
Q

Which of the following afferents to the inferior cerebellar peduncle cross the midline?
A) Vestibular and cochlear nuclei (mossy fibers)
B) Inferior olivar (climbing fibers)
C) Dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

A

B and C

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19
Q

What is the afferent fiber that crosses the midline on its way to the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Pontine nuclei’s mossy fibers; communicates corollary discharge

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20
Q

Which afferent to the inferior cerebellar peduncle conveys reafference

A

Mossy fibers of the dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

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21
Q

What are the 5 afferents to the inferior cerebellar peduncle (easier names) - VIRTS

A

Vestibular nuclei, inferior olivary nuclei (climbing fibers), reticular formation, trigeminal nuclei, spinal cord

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22
Q

What is the efferent from the cerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei

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23
Q

What is the afferent to the middle cerebellar peduncle (easier name)

A

Pontine nuclei (cerebral cortex)

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24
Q

What is the afferent to the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract

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25
Q

Where do the superior cerebellar peduncle’s efferents originate?

A

In the deep cerebellar nuclei

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26
Q

Where do the superior cerebellar peduncle’s efferents project to?

A

Primarily to the motor areas of the cortex via the thalamus (VL/VA)

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27
Q

What are the microscopic layers of the cerebellum? List them from closest to the white matter to cerebellar cortex

A

Granular layer
Purkinje layer
Molecular layer

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28
Q

What do granular cells do?

A

Send their axons into the molecular layer as parallel fibers

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29
Q

What are the 3 components of the molecular layer

A

Stellate cells, basket cells, and parallel fibers from the granule cell axons of mossy fibers

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30
Q

What are the only axons that leave the cerebellar cortex, and where do they synapse?

A

Purkinje cells’, and they synapse on deep nuclei

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31
Q

What are basket cells?

A

Inhibitory axons that synapse on the purkinje CELL BODY

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32
Q

What are stellate cells?

A

inhibitory axons that synapse on Purkinje CELL DENDRITES - wrong in his lecture?

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33
Q

What is the outermost microscopic layer of the cerebellum

A

Molecular

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34
Q

How many parallel fibers synapse on each purkinje dendritic tree in the molecular layer

A

200,000

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35
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the purkinje cells of the prukinje layer of the cerebellum

A

GABA

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36
Q

Where are granule cell bodies and golgi cells found?

A

Granular layer

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37
Q

What are the components of a cerebellar glomerulus

A

Mossy fiber terminal, granule cell dendrites, and golgi cell axons

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38
Q

What is the effect of stellate, basket, and Golgi cells (interneurons) on Purkinje fibers?

A

Inhibition

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39
Q

Which interneurons synapse directly on the Purkinje cells

A

Basket (on cell body) and stellate (on dendrites)

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40
Q

How do golgi cells inhibit purkinje fibers indirectly?

A

They receive input from parallel fibers (granule cells) and subsequently inhibit purkinje cells by suppressing the excitation of the granule cells by the mossy fibers at the glomeruli

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41
Q

The cerebellar cortex processes information in… rows or columns?

A

Rows

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42
Q

The cerebrum processes information in… rows or columns?

A

Columns

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43
Q

Do mossy fibers synapse directly on purkinjes?

A

NO

44
Q

What is the major afferent input of the cerebellum

A

Mossy fibers

45
Q

Where do mossy fibers originate?

A

Brainstem nuclei and spinal cord

46
Q

Where do mossy fibers send collaterals?

A

Deep nuclei

47
Q

How do mossy fibers indirectly influence purkinje cells?

A

each mossy fiber activates a cluster of granule cells, which makes strong, excitatory connections on purkinje cells

48
Q

Describe the output of mossy fibers and granule cells

A

Output is high at 50-100 spikes/second, producing “simple” spikes in the Purkinjes

49
Q

What is the effect of mossy fibers on the purkinje cell

A

modulation of the moment-to-moment firing rate

50
Q

How many Purkinje cells are innervated by a single climbing fiber?

A

1-20, but only 1 climbing fiber per purkinje cell

51
Q

How do climbing fibers orient relative to the purkinje cells

A

Axons of the climbing fibers wrap around the soma and proximal dendrites of the purkinje, making numerous excitatory and powerful connections

52
Q

Describe the output of the climbing fibers

A

Low at 1 spike/second

53
Q

Why do climbing fibers result in a large AP followed by numerous smaller APs (complex spike)

A

Despite their low output, they are numerous and powerful and cause a large influx of Ca++ in the Purkinje cell to change the membrane potential

54
Q

How do climbing fibers modulate mossy fiber inputs

A

Via long-lasting depolarization/depression effects on the Purkinje cells

55
Q

What is corollary discharge

A

Receiving information from the programming and execution centers of the cortex about plans for movement via INTERNAL feedback

56
Q

What is reafference

A

Input from the peripheral sensory system about motor performance via EXTERNAL feedback pathways

57
Q

where does the cerebellum project to indirectly?

A

Descending motor systems of the CNA via the thalamus, red nucelus, and synapses on spinal interneurons

58
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. smooths, coordinates, and fine tunes movement
  2. maintains posture
  3. maintains equilibrium
59
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

Ataxia, incoordination, wide-based gait, overshooting, and proprioception problems

60
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum associated with?

A

Flocculonodular lobe and vermis

61
Q

What is the direct input of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Semicircular canals and otolithic organs

62
Q

What is the indirect input of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei, lateral geniculate, superior colliculus, pontine nuclei

63
Q

What is the output of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Fastigial nucleus

64
Q

Where does the output of the vestibulocerebllum project back to?

A

Vestibular nuclei

65
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

To control axial and proximal limb muscles associated with balance and posture; also to control eye movement and coordination of head and eye movements

66
Q

Does the vestibulocerebellum control ongoing execution of movement ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

A

Ipsilaterally

67
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the spinocerebellum

A

Vermis and intermediate hemisphere

68
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum receive somatosensory input from

A

Proximal (vermis) and distal (intermediate) spinal afferents; also auditory, visual, and vestibular afferents

69
Q

Describe the output of the spinocerebellum

A

Direct and indirect mossy fiber pathways via interposed nucleus to red nucleus and distal regions of the motor cortex

70
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum

A

Distal motor control and ongoing execution of movement IPSILATERALLY

71
Q

The spinocerebellum uses sensory feedback to control _______________

A

Muscle tone

72
Q

Lesions of the spinocerebellum result in what condition?

A

HYPOtonia

73
Q

Which hemispheres make up to cerebrocerebellum

A

Lateral cerebellar hemispheres

74
Q

Where does the cerebrocerebellum receive cortical afferents from?

A

Pontine nuclei to the contralateral hemisphere

75
Q

Describe the output of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Output via the dentate nucleus and the VL of the thalamus, which then projects back to motor and premotor regions of the cerebral cortex

76
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

To coordinate initiation, planning, and timing of movements as well as precision control of rapid movements and fine dexterity

77
Q

Lesions of the the dentate or overlying cerebellar cortex cause 4 specific deficits, what are they?

A
  1. delay in initiation and termination of voluntary movements
  2. terminal tremor at the end of a movement
  3. Temporal coordination disorders across multiple joints
  4. spatial coordination disorders of hand and finger muscles
78
Q

The dentate output pathway is indirect to the cortex via _________

A

Thalamus

79
Q

The dentate output pathway is direct to ___________

A

Red nucleus

80
Q

The dentate output pathway provides feedback to _________ (3 things)

A

Olivary nuclei, pontine nuclei, and reticular formation

81
Q

The emboliform pathway is indirect to the cortex via _______________

A

thalamus

82
Q

The emboliform output pathway is direct to the ___________

A

red nucleus

83
Q

The function of the dentate output pathway is ____________

A

Motor planning and initiation

84
Q

The emboliform output pathway provides feedback to _______________________

A

olivary nuclei, pontine nuclei, and reticular formation

85
Q

The function of the emboliform output pathway is _____________

A

Limb position and movement

86
Q

The globose output pathway is indirect to the cortex via _______________

A

Thalamus

87
Q

The globose output pathway is direct to __________

A

red nucleus

88
Q

The globose output pathway provides feedback to ___________

A

Olivary nuclei, pontine nuclei, and reticular formation

89
Q

What is the function of the globose output pathway

A

Axial skeleton and posture

90
Q

The fastigial output pathway is indirect to ___________

A

Cortex and oculomotor nuclei (MLF)

91
Q

The fastigial output pathway is direct to __________

A

central gray

92
Q

The fastigial output pathway provides feedback to ____________

A

Vestibular nuclei, olivary nuclei, and reticular formation

93
Q

The fastigial output pathway is indirect to spinal interneurons via ___________

A

Vestibular nuclei

94
Q

The function of the fastigial output pathway is ________________

A

Head, neck, and eye

95
Q

How does motor learning take place in the cerebellum?

A

Climbing fibers “learn” to depress action of parallel fibers on Purkinje cells, resulting in modulation of mossy fiber input at the level of the Purkinje cell via heterosynaptic interation

96
Q

What does depression of purkinje cell output in motor learning result in?

A

Tonic inhibitions at the level of the deep nuclei, thereby “releasing” the deep nuclei to facilitate the learned response

97
Q

What does motor learning at the level of the cerebellum help reduce?

A

Mismatch between actual movements and intended response during repetitive tasks

98
Q

Define hypotonia

A

Diminished resistance to passive limb displacement; lack of check; results in overshooting and excessive rebound

99
Q

Define ataxia

A

Delay in initation of movement, errors in range and force of movements (dysmetria), and errors in the regularity and rate of repetitive movements (dysdiadochokinesia)

100
Q

Define intention tremor

A

Errors in position, most noticeable at the end of movements where the greatest precision is required

101
Q

Do lesions of the cerebellum produce contralateral or ipsilateral disorders?

A

Ipsilateral

102
Q

Where are the double crosses of the cerebellar output pathways?

A

SCP and corticospinal tract

103
Q

What sort of disorders do lesions in the vermis and intermediate zones produce?

A

Axial and truncal disorders (errors in posture “titubation,” gait, and possibly speech “dysarthria”)

104
Q

What do lesions in the lateral zones of the cerebellum result in?

A

Delays in initation and poor coordination of multijoint movements

105
Q

Which cerebellar lesions are the most severe?

A

Those of the deep nuclei or superior cerebellar peduncle

Neurophysiology Loyola (7 decks)

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