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Neurophysiology Loyola > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the basal ganglia

A

Action selection: selecting and promoting one action while suppressing competing actions

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2
Q

Name 3 neuropsychiatric disorders related to problems with the basal ganglia

A

OCD, ADHD, Tourette syndrome

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3
Q

What is the “default” setting of the basal ganglia

A

To suppress movement

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4
Q

How are habits formed

A

There is a repeated selection of actions with positive outcomes, which leads to these actions being chunked/hardwired together

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5
Q

What results from the ability to group chunks together

A

Complex behaviors, which allows for multitasking

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6
Q

Is it easy or difficult to interrupt actions that are chunked together?

A

Difficult

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7
Q

What is operational learning?

A

Unconscious process by which we associate our chunked actions with their immediate consequences; this biases our actions toward ones associated with reward and away from those associated with negative consequences

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8
Q

Which is greater in the basal ganglia, number of inputs or number of outputs?

A

inputs

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9
Q

What type of neurons maintain the default state of the basal ganglia?

A

Tonic GABA-ergic, inhibitory neurons

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10
Q

What makes up 90% of the striatal neurons?

A

Medium, spiny neurons; GABAergic, spine-covered dendrites

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11
Q

What is efference copy?

A

Bias toward current actions, behavioral continuity

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12
Q

What are the 4 major components of the basal ganglia

A
  1. Striatum = caudate + putamen (dorsally) + nucleus accumbens (ventrally)
  2. Globus pallidus = lateral + medial GP, found ventral to putamen
  3. Substantia Nigra = Pars reticulata + pars compacta (dopaminergic)
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
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13
Q

What is the dorsal dopaminergic projection of the basal ganglia?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta (cell body) –> caudate + putamen

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14
Q

Does movement result from the dorsal or ventral dopaminergic projection of the basal ganglia?

A

Dorsal

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15
Q

What is the ventral dopaminergic projection of the basal ganglia?

A

Ventral tegmental area (cell body) –> nucleus accumbens

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16
Q

Do reward-driven behaviors result from dorsal or ventral dopaminergic projections of the basal ganglia?

A

Ventral

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17
Q

What type of movements is dopamine required for?

A

Goal-directed movements

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18
Q

What is the function of the hyperdirect pathway

A

To stop current movement immediately

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19
Q

What is the function of the direct pathway

A

To release a selected movement from suppression

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20
Q

What is the indirect pathway

A

It has mixed effects, but the most dominant is to suppress competing, non-selected movements

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21
Q

What is the hyper direct pathway, starting from stimulation of myelinated fibers of the motor cortex

A

Glutamate release by motor cortex neurons onto subthalamic neurons, resulting in glutamate release on the internal globus pallidus, causing inhibition by the GABAergic neuron onto the VL/VA thalamus so that it cannot release glutamate onto the motor cortex to continue the loop

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease

A

1% of the U.S. population over the age of 50

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23
Q

What is the etiology of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degeneration of substantia nigra PARS COMPACTA (dopaminergic region)

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24
Q

What are the 3 symptoms commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease

A

Akinesia, resting tremor, rigidity

25
Q

Which of the 3 skeletomotor loop pathways is affected in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Direct, resulting in little to no movement

26
Q

What are the 3 treatment options for PD?

A

L-Dopa (DA precursor)
Pallidotomy (medial globus pallidus)
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation

27
Q

What is the prevalence of Huntington’s Disease?

A

4-5/million in the U.S., adult onset

28
Q

What is the etiology of Huntington’s disease

A

CAG repeat mutation on chromosome 4, resulting in degeneration of striatal neurons (starting with the caudate)

29
Q

Which pathway is first affected in Huntington’s disease

A

Indirect (D2 –> lateral globus pallidus), resulting in excessive movement

30
Q

What are the 2 main symptoms associated with Huntington’s Disease

A

Initial hyperkinesia, chlorea

31
Q

Why is there initial hyperkinesia

A

Striatal neuron projection to the external globus pallidus dies, affecting the indirect pathway

32
Q

What is chlorea

A

Quick, jerky, dancing movements of the extremities, symptomatic of HD

33
Q

What is the treatment for Huntington’s disease

A

No cure, focus therapy on treating symptoms

34
Q

Which group of people is Hemiballism most prevalent in?

A

Individuals with East Asian origin

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Hemiballism

A

Violent “throwing” movements of one of the arms or legs

36
Q

What is the etiology of hemiballism

A

Damage to the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

37
Q

Which pathways is affected in hemiballism

A

Indirect at the glutamatergic neuron of the subthalamic nucleus

38
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of hemiballism

A

Focal stroke, hyperglycemia (secondary to diabetes), and toxoplasmosis lesions in individuals with HIV

39
Q

What are the treatments for hemiballism

A

They are aimed at the cause of the lesion; dopamine receptor ANTagonists

40
Q

What is the striatal component of the dorsal extra-pyramidal system?

A

Caudate and putamen

41
Q

What is the pallidal component of the dorsal extra-pyramidal system?

A

Globus pallidus, substantia nigra, pars reticulata

42
Q

What is the dopaminergic innervation of the dorsal extra-pyramidal system?

A

Substantia nigra, pars compacta

43
Q

What is the cortical input of the dorsal extra-pyramidal system?

A

Neocortex

44
Q

What is the thalamic target of the dorsal extra-pyramidal system?

A

Ventral lateral and ventral anterior (VL/VA thalamus)

45
Q

What is the striatal component of the ventral limbic striatal system

A

Nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle

46
Q

What is the pallidal component of the ventral limbic striatal system

A

Ventral pallidum

47
Q

What is the dopaminergic innervation of the ventral limbic striatal system

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

48
Q

What is the cortical input of the ventral limbic striatal system

A

Limbic cortex

49
Q

What is the thalamic target of the ventral limbic striatal system

A

Mediodorsal

50
Q

What are the 2 main components of the ventral striatum?

A

Nucleus accumbens (ventral to caudate) and olfactory tubercle

51
Q

What is the function of the ventral striatum?

A

Motivation to action, expression of motivated behaviors

52
Q

Describe the location of the ventral pallidum

A

Ventral to the globus pallidus and anterior commisure

53
Q

What are the components of the ventral pallidum

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert (cholinergic), nucleus of diagonal band, septal nuclei

54
Q

What is the function of the ventral pallidum?

A

To regulate eye-head movements for attention, visceral autonomic responses (emotion), and it is implicated in induction and expression of motivated behaviors like addiction

55
Q

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the U.S.

A

1% of the population

56
Q

What is the etiology of schizophrenia

A

Excessive dopamine in the ventral striatum and dysregulation of prefrontal cortex glutamate

57
Q

Which receptor do anti-psychotics bind most strongly to?

A

D2 receptors, which are highly expressed in the nucleus accumbens

58
Q

Which loop is affected in OCD?

A

Indirect

Neurophysiology Loyola (7 decks)

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