cerebellum

Question 1

the cerebellum integrates very rapidly a host of sensory input information on the momentary status of what 4 functions?

Answer 1

muscle contraction
joint tension
visual and auditory input on equilibrium

Question 2

because of the cerebellum’s ability to integrate quickly, what 3 things can it aid in the body?

Answer 2

aids and influences muscle tone
aids posture
aids in making skilled somatic muscle movements

Question 3

is the input of the cerebellum conscious or subconscious? and what side does it influence?

Answer 3

its input is entirely subconscious and ipsilateral

Question 4

what is the greatest attribute of the cerebellum?

Answer 4

its ability to compensate

Question 5

in the inferior peduncle of the cerebellum afferent neurons _____ and efferent are _______

Answer 5

dominate, present

Question 6

in the middle peduncle of the cerebellum there are only _____ neurons

Answer 6

afferent

Question 7

in the superior peduncle afferent neurons are _____ and efferent neurons _______

Answer 7

present, dominate

Question 8

approximately 20% of all childhood brain tumors are?

Answer 8

medulloblastomas

Question 9

the vestibulocerebellum is in what lobe and what is it’s input?

Answer 9

flocculonodular lobe with vestibular nucleus input

Question 10

spinocerebellum is in what lobes?

Answer 10

anterior, vermis and medial posterior lobes

Question 11

what is the input for the spinocerebellum division?

Answer 11

spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar

Question 12

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 12

posture, equilibrium and balance

Question 13

what is the function of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 13

muscle tone, trunk and limb movements

Question 14

what is the lobe of the cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 14

lateral posterior

Question 15

what is the input for the cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 15

cortico-pontocerebellar

Question 16

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 16

planning and coordination of skilled movement

Question 17

what is another name for the white matter of the cerebellum?

Answer 17

corpus medullare

Question 18

the white matter of the cerebellum is naturally continuous with?

Answer 18

the 6 cerebellar penduncles

Question 19

what 4 things make up the white matter of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

afferent projection fibers
efferent projection fibers
commissural fibers
association fibers

Question 20

extensions of white matter toward the periphery of the cerebellum is known as the?

Answer 20

arbor vitae

Question 21

what are the 4 pairs of nuclei in the white matter of the cerebellum called?

Answer 21

deep or central cerebellar nuclei

Question 22

the gray cortex of the cerebellum is fairly uniform as to?

Answer 22

depth and cytoarchitecture

Question 23

what are the neuron cell types that are found in the cerebellum? There are 5

Answer 23

purkinje neurons
golgi II 
stellate
basket
granular

Question 24

what are the 3 laminae layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 24

outer-molecular
middle-purkinje cell body
inner-granular

Question 25

what are the 2 types of outside axons that bring input to the cerebellar cortical laminae?

Answer 25

mossy fibers- synapse on granule cells | climbing fibers

Question 26

which laminae/layer has a lot of synaptic activity?

Answer 26

outer molecular layer

Question 27

which laminae/layer only has axons carrying info away from the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 27

middle- purkinje layer

Question 28

which laminae/layer has lots of granule cells?

Answer 28

inner- granular layer

Question 29

purkinje fibers are fibers that?

Answer 29

take messages away from the cerebellar cortex

Question 30

the purkinje layer contains how many cell bodies?

Answer 30

30 million purkinje neuron cell bodies

Question 31

what part of the purkinje cell layer extends up into the molecular layer?

Answer 31

the dendrites which can have up to 150,000 branches | -some are smooth and some spined

Question 32

which type of axons are the only efferent (outgoing) fibers from the cerebellar cortex and where do they terminate?

Answer 32

myelinated purkinje axons and they terminate in the deep central cerebellar nuclei however, some bypass to end in deiter's portion of the vestibular nucleus

Question 33

the neurotransmitter released by the purkinje axon is excitatory or inhibitory to its target sites?

Answer 33

inhibitory (GABA)

Question 34

granular cell dendrites are stimulated by incoming ________

Answer 34

mossy fibers

Question 35

the axon from each granular cell ascends into the molecular layer where it bifurcates and makes synapse with?

Answer 35

spined branches of the purkinje cell dendrites

Question 36

what is the neurotransmitter from the granular neuron?

Answer 36

glutamate

Question 37

what is the brain's most abundant neurochemical?

Answer 37

glutamate

Question 38

mossy fibers are __1___ and originate from ___2___ and ___3___

Answer 38

1. numerous- more so than climbing 2. spinocerebellar 3. corticopontocerebellar

Question 39

granular cell axons ascend to synapse with ____

Answer 39

spined dendritic branches of the purkinje cells in the molecular layer

Question 40

what do purkinje cell axons influence(inhibit)?

Answer 40

the deep central cerebellar nuclei

Question 41

if the purkinje cell is not excited(firing) then ______ results are minimal. what is the neurotransmitter involved with this?

Answer 41

inhibitory, GABA

Question 42

are climbing fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 42

extremely excitatory- reaching the purkinje cells smooth dendritic branches directly

Question 43

where do climbing fibers originate?

Answer 43

inferior olivary nucleus (aspartate is the amino acid involved)

Question 44

what are the 4 nuclei that exist deep within the white matter of each hemisphere?

Answer 44

``` most lateral to most medial: dentate- largest emboliform globose fastigial- most primitive ```

Question 45

purkinje axons from the cortex of the vestibulocerebellum go to the?

Answer 45

vestibular nucleus

Question 46

purkinje axons from the cortex of the spinocerebellum go to the?

Answer 46

interposed nucleus and fastigial nucleus

Question 47

purkinje axons from the cortex of the cerebrocerebellum go to the?

Answer 47

dentate nucleus

Question 48

axons from outside the cerebellum go directly to the?

Answer 48

deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 49

fastigial nucleus fibers exit the inferior cerebellar penduncles to terminate where? there are 3 places

Answer 49

vestibular nucleus reticular formation nuclei for cranial nerves 3, 4 and 6

Question 50

interposed nucleus axons generally extend to what 2 places via the superior cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 50

red nucleus and reticular formations

Question 51

dentate axons generally reach the thalamus with collateral branches being sent to what?

Answer 51

the red nucleus

Question 52

which cerebellar disorder presents as a lack of order or coordination causing abnormal performance of motor acts such as staggering or falling backward?

Answer 52

ataxia, typically in the neocerebellar lobe

Question 53

trying to make a precise movement which causes a tremor, this is opposite of parkinsons

Answer 53

intention tremor, usually from a lesion in the neocerebellar lobe

Question 54

disorder where measured movements are difficult, overshooting or undershooting a target

Answer 54

dysmetria

Question 55

disorder that causes repetitive jerking eye movements

Answer 55

nystagmus