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Pharmacology > Cephalosporins > Flashcards

Cephalosporins Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of cephalosporin

A

6 membered ring

COOH group, protecting the ring from B-lactamase

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2
Q

Mechanism of effect

A

Bacteriocidal (cell wall synthesisi inhibitor)
Time dependent antibiotic
PAE
NAG-NAM cross binding

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3
Q

Resistance: Ab ovo

A

mycoplasma
ricketssia
chlamydia
pseudomonas. (Except 3rd gen: cefoperazon, cefatime)

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4
Q

Resistance: B-lactamase production

A

E.coli
Pseudomonas
Gram negativ and some positive
staphylococcus can be treated with cefalosporins

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5
Q

Antibacterial spectrum of cephalosporins- the generations

A

1st generation

 - Gr+++
 - Gr -

2nd generation

 - Gr ++
 - Gr ---

3rd generation

 - Gr+
 - Gr -----

4th generation

 - Gr++++
 - Gr -----
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6
Q

Which generation is CIA

A

(3) -4

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7
Q

what is a 4th generations cephalosporin

A

cefquimone

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8
Q

1st generation drugs

  • spectrum
  • characteristics
  • indications
A

gram + : especially staphylococcus, streptococcus
Gram -: not good, cannot treat E.coli

penicillinase stable

dermatitis, otitis and UTI caused by staphloccous

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9
Q

2nd generation drug

- spectrum

A

less active against g+

better against G-: E.coli, salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp

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10
Q

3rd generation

  • spectrum
  • drugs and what they are normally used against
A

Gr+: weakest
Gr-: potent, active against lactamase producers, effective against pseudomonas

cefoperazone and ceftazidime: pseudomonas aeruginosa

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins

  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
A

absorption

  • oral absorption only for 1+2 gen
  • parenteral application for 3-4th gen

distribution
- depends on lipophilicity, more and more lipophilic by increasing generation

Metabolism
- not in the liver

Excretion
- bile

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12
Q

What cephalosporins can be used to treat meningitis? and what generation are they in

A

cefrtaxon and cefotaxim

3rd gen

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13
Q

which cephalosporins are excreted via bile?

A

cefoperazone
cefachlor
ceftriaxon

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14
Q

Cefovecin

  • indication
  • generation
  • application
  • half-life
  • PAE
  • dose
A

dermatitis, oral cavity infections and rarely against UTI.
Dogs and cats

3rd generation

5-7 days (5 for dog, 7 for cat)

PAE for 2 weeks

8mg/kg

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15
Q

Ceftiofur

  • indications
  • generation
  • application and different forms of the drug
  • dose
A

respiratory, GI (not so importnat) and UTI

3rd generation

IM in swine, SC in cattle
Na (short acting
Hydrochloride
CCFA (long acting)

8mg/kg

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16
Q

what is desfuroyl ceftiofur?

A

a common metabolite, it appears in the body and gets activily excreted by the kidney - can be excreted in active form

17
Q

side effects of cephalosporins

A

mild toxicity
allergy
dysbacteriosis
haemotological: increases thrombocytes and RBC
tissue irritation
mild nephrotoxicity (do not combine with aminoglycosides)

18
Q

Which other AB should you not combine with cephalosporin and what is the effect?

A

aminoglycosides, will give nephrotoxic effect

19
Q

examples of 1st gen cephalosporins

A

oral: cephalexin, cefdroxil
Parenteral: cephapirin, Cefacetril, Cephalotin, Cephalozoline

20
Q

Examples of 2nd generation cephalosporins

A

Oral: cefuroxime axetil, cefaclor
Parenteral: cefuroxime

21
Q

Example of 3rd generation cephlosporins

A

Oral: cefixime
Parenteral: Cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, efovecin, cefotaxime/ceftriaxone

22
Q

Example of 4th generations Cephalosporin

A

Cefquinome

23
Q

Cephalozoline

A

1st gen
IV 30 min before surgery
good aainst g+

24
Q

Indications for Cefuroxime

A

2nd gen
upper resp problem
otitis
pharyngitis

25
Q

indications for cefixime

A

UTI

26
Q

indication for cefoperazone

A

mastitis caused by E.coli

27
Q

indications for ceftiofur

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

28
Q

indications for cefotaxime/ceftraxone

A

meningitis
fusobacterium: foot rot
bacteroides: oral cavity infections
oter anaerobic bacterias that are Gr-

29
Q

indications for cefquinome

A

large animals
GI infectins
Respiratory infections
UTI

30
Q

general indications for cephalosporins

A 
Mastitis
dermatitis, soft tissue infection
respiratory infections
UTI: 3rd
meningitis, encephalitis: 3rd
preoperaive, intraoperative: 1st
Prophylaxis: 1st

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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