Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam Prep > Central Ray > Flashcards

Central Ray Flashcards

1
Q

PA/AP/PA oblique/Lateral - Finger

A

Perpendicular to the PIP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PA/AP/PA oblique/Lateral - Thumb

A

Perpendicular to the MCP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PA/AP/PA oblique/Lateral - Hand

A

Perpendicular to the third MCP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

AP obliques (bilateral) - Hand

A

Midway between the hands and at the level of the MCP joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PA/PA oblique/Lateral - Wrist

A

Perpendicular to the midcarpal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PA w/ ulnar deviation - Scaphoid

A

Perpendicular to the scaphoid – Clear delineation sometimes requires a CR angulation of 10-15 degrees proximally or distally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

AP/Lateral - Forearm

A

Perpendicular to the midpoint of the forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AP/AP oblique (medial & lateral rotation)/Lateral - Elbow

A

Perpendicular to the elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lateral (radial head) - Elbow

A

Directed toward the shoulder at an angle of 45 degrees to the radial head. The central ray enters the joint at mid-elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acute flexion - Elbow

A

Perpendicular to the humerus, approximately 2 inches (5cm) superior to the olecranon process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

AP/Lateral/Transthoracic - Humerus

A

Perpendicular to the midportion of the humerus and the center of the IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

AP (neutral, external, internal) - Shoulder

A

Perpendicular to a point 1-inch (2.5cm) inferior to the coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

AP oblique (glenoid); Grashey - Shoulder

A

Perpendicular, the CR should be at a point 2 inches (5 cm) medial and 2 inches (5cm) inferior to the superolateral border of the shoulder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PA/AP oblique (Y) - Shoulder

A

Perpendicular to the scapulohumeral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inferosuperior axial - Shoulder

A

Horizontally through the axilla to the region of the AC articulation. Degree of angulation depends on the degree of abduction of the arm. The degree of medial angulation is often between 15 – 30 degrees. The greater the abduction, the greater the angle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Superoinferior axial - Shoulder

A

Angled 5 – 15 degrees through the shoulder joint and toward the elbow. A greater angle is required when the patient cannot extend the shoulder over the IR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AP - Clavicle

A

Perpendicular to the midshaft of the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

AP axial - Clavicle

A

Perpendicular to the midshaft of the clavicle. Cephalic central ray angulation can vary from the long axis of the torso. Thinner patients require more angulation to project the clavicle off the scapula and ribs. For the standing lordotic position, 0- 15 degrees is recommended. For the supine position, 15-30 degrees is recommended.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

AP w/ & w/o weights - AC joints

A

Perpendicular to the midline of the body at the level of the AC joints for a single projection; directed at each respective AC joint when two separate exposures are necessary for each shoulder in broad-shouldered patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

AP - Scapula

A

Perpendicular to the midscapular area at a point approximately 2 inches (5cm) inferior to the coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lateral - Scapula

A

Perpendicular to the midmedial border of the protruding scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

AP - Toes

A

Perpendicular through the third (or digit in question) MTP joint when demonstration of the joint spaces is not critical. To open the joint spaces, either direct the central ray 15 degrees posteriorly though the third MTP joint, or if the 15-degree foam wedge is used, direct the central ray perpendicularly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

AP oblique - Toes

A

Perpendicular and entering the third (or digit in question) MTP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lateral - Toes

A

Perpendicular, entering the IP joint of the great toe or the proximal IP joint of the lesser toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

AP axial - Foot

A

10 degrees toward the heel entering the base of the third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

AP oblique (medial rotation)/Lateral - Foot

A

Perpendicular to the base of the third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

AP axial WB - Foot

A

Angled 10 degrees toward the heel is optimal. A minimum of 15 degrees is usually necessary to have enough room to position the tube and allow the patient to stand. The central ray is position between the feet and at the level of the base of the third metatarsal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lateral - Foot

A

Perpendicular to a point just above the base of the third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

AP/AP oblique (medial rotation)/Lateral - Ankle

A

Perpendicular through the ankle joint at a point midway between the malleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plantodorsal axial - Calcaneus

A

Directed at a cephalic angle of 40 degrees to the long axis of the foot. The central ray enters the base of the third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lateral - Calcaneus

A

Perpendicular to the calcaneus. Center about 1 inch (2.5cm) distal to the medial malleolus. This will place the central ray at the subtalar joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

AP/Lateral - Tib/Fib

A

Perpendicular to the center of the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

AP/AP oblique (medial & lateral rotation) -Knee

A

Directed to a point ½ inch (1.3cm) inferior to the patellar apex. Variable depending on the measurement between ASIS and the tabletop, as follows:
<19cm – 3 to 5 degrees caudad
19 to 24 cm – 0 degrees
>24cm – 3 to 5 degrees cephalad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

PA/PA oblique (medial/lateral) - Knee

A

Directed at an angle of 5 to 7 degrees caudad to exit a point ½ inch (1.3cm) inferior to the patellar apex. Because the tibia and fibula are slightly inclined, the central ray will be parallel with the tibial plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lateral - Knee

A

Directed to the knee joint 1 inch (2.5cm) distal to the medial epicondyles at an angle of 5-7 degrees cephalad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

AP WB - Knee

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR, entering at a point ½ inch (1.3cm) below the apices of the patellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

AP (intercondyloid fossa) - Knee

A

Perpendicular to the long axis of the lower leg, entering the knee joint ½ inch (1.3cm) below the patellar apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

PA axial (intercondyloid fossa) - Knee

A

Perpendicular to the lower leg, entering the midpoint of the IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

AP/PA/Lateral - Patella

A

Perpendicular through the patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Tangential - Knee/Patella

A

Angled 45 degrees cephalad and directed through the patellofemoral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

AP/Lateral - Femur

A

Perpendicular to the midfemur and centered to IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

AP - Hip

A

Perpendicular to the femoral neck; place the CR approximately 2.5 inches (6.4cm) distal to a line drawn between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis

43
Q

AP (frog legs) - Hip

A

Parallel with the femoral shafts. According to the Cleaves method the angle may vary between 24-45 degrees depending on how vertically the femora can be placed

44
Q

Lateral (Lauenstein) - Hip

A

Perpendicular through the hip joint, which is located midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis

45
Q

Axiolateral (X-table) - Hip

A

Perpendicular to the long axis of the femoral neck. The CR enters the groin at a point midway between the anterior and posterior surfaces of the upper thigh and passes through the femoral neck, which is about 2.5 inches (6.4cm) below the point of intersection of the localization lines described previously

46
Q

AP - Pelvis

A

Perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR. Adjust the position of the IR so that its upper border projects 1- 1 ½ inches (2.5-3.8cm) above the crest

47
Q

AP axial (inlet & outlet) - Pelvis

A

Inlet: Directed 40 degrees caudad, entering the midline at the level of ASIS
Outlet: Directed 20-35 degrees cephalad (for men) or 30-45 degrees cephalad (for women) and entering the midline at a point 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the superior border of the pubic symphysis

48
Q

Acetabulum AP obliques (Judet) - Pelvis

A

Perpendicular to the IR and entering at the pubic symphysis.

49
Q

AP (C1-C2 open mouth) - C-spine

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR and entering the midpoint of the open mouth. Center the IR at the level of the axis

50
Q

AP axial - C-spine

A

Directed through C4 at an angle of 15-20 degrees cephalad. The CR enters at or slightly inferior to the most prominent point of the thyroid cartilage.

51
Q

Lateral - C-spine

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

52
Q

AP/PA axial obliques (LPO/RPO & LAO/RAO) - C-spine

A

Directed to C4 at a cephalad angle of 15-20 degrees so that the central ray coincides with the orientation of the foramina

53
Q

Lateral hyperflexion/extension - C-spine

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

54
Q

Lateral cervicothoracic (Swimmer) - C/T-spine

A

Directed to C7-T1 intervertebral disk-space. Perpendicular if the shoulder away from the IR is well depressed or at a caudal angle of 3-5 degrees when the shoulder is immobile

55
Q

AP - T-spine

A

Perpendicular, center of the CR should be approximately halfway between the jugular notch and the xiphoid process. Place the superior edge of the IR 1 ½ - 2 inches (3.8 – 5 cm) above the shoulders on the average patient

56
Q

Lateral - T-spine

A

Perpendicular at the level of T7. The CR enters the posterior half of the thorax. Place the superior edge of the IR 1½ - 2 inches (3.8 – 5 cm) above the relaxed shoulders

57
Q

AP - L-spine

A

Perpendicular to the IR at the level of the iliac crests (L4) for a lumbosacral examination. Center at L3 for the lumbar spine alone (3.8cm above iliac crests)

58
Q

Lateral - L-spine

A

Perpendicular at the level of the crest at the ilium (L4) if we want to include both lumbar spine and sacrum or 1.5 inches (3.8cm) above iliac crests (L3) when we want only the lumbar spine.

59
Q

PA obliques (LAO/RAO) - L-spine

A

Perpendicular to enter L3 (1-1.5 inches [2.5 – 3.8cm] above the crest of the ilium). The CR enters the elevated side approximately 2 inches (5 cm) lateral to the palpable spinous process (for the lumbar region) or perpendicular to enter the elevated side 2 inches (5 cm) lateral to the palpable spinous process and to a point midway between the iliac crest and the ASIS

60
Q

AP obliques (LPO/RPO) - L-spine

A

Perpendicular to enter 2 inches (5cm) medial to the elevated ASIS and 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5-3.8 cm) above the iliac crest (for the lumbar region) or perpendicular to enter 2 inches (5cm) medial to the elevated ASIS and then up to a point midway between the iliac crest and the ASIS (for L5 – S1)

61
Q

Lateral L5-S1 - L-spine

A

Center 2 inches (5cm) posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches (3.8cm) inferior to the iliac crests

62
Q

AP axial - SI joints

A

Center midline at a level 1.5 cm below the crest with an angulation of 30-35 degrees

63
Q

AP obliques (LPO/RPO) - SI joints

A

Perpendicular, entering 1 inch (2.5cm) medial to the elevated ASIS

64
Q

AP axial - Sacrum

A

Direct the CR 15 degrees cephalad and center it to a point 2 inches (5cm) superior to the pubic symphysis

65
Q

Lateral - Sacrum

A

Perpendicular and directed to the level of the ASIS and to a point 3.5 inches (9cm) posterior

66
Q

AP axial - Coccyx

A

Direct the CR 10 degrees caudad and center it to a point about 2 inches (5cm) superior to the pubic symphysis

67
Q

Lateral - Coccyx

A

Perpendicular and directed toward a point 3.5 inches (9cm) posterior to the ASIS and 2 inches (5cm) inferior

68
Q

PA oblique (RAO) - Sternum

A

Perpendicular to the IR. The CR enters the elevated side of the posterior thorax at the level of T7 and approximately 1inch (2.5cm) lateral to the midsagittal plane

69
Q

Lateral - Coccyx

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR and entering the lateral border of the midsternum

70
Q

AP - Ribs

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR. Place the IR lengthwise 1 ½ inches (3.8cm) above the upper border of the relaxed shoulders

71
Q

PA - Ribs

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR. If the IR is positioned correctly, the CR is at the level of T7

72
Q

PA/AP obliques - Ribs

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR. Center IR with the top 1 ½ inches (3.8cm) above the upper border of the shoulder to image ribs above the diaphragm or to a point halfway between the xiphoid process and the lower rib margin to image ribs below the diaphragm

73
Q

PA - SC joints

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR and entering T3

74
Q

PA obliques - SC joints

A

Perpendicular to the sternoclavicular joint closest to the IR. The CR enters at the level of T2-3 (about 3 inches [7.6cm] distal to the vertebral prominens) and 1-2 inches (2.5-5cm) lateral from the midsagittal plane.

75
Q

AP axial (Towne) - Skull

A

Directed through the foramen magnum at a caudal angle of 30 degrees to the OML or 37 degrees to the IOML. The CR enters approximately 2 ½ inches (6.3cm) above the glabella and passes through the level of the EAM

76
Q

PA axial (Caldwell) - Skull

A

Direct the CR to exit the nasion at an angle of 15 degrees caudad

77
Q

Lateral - Skull

A

Perpendicular, entering 2 inches (5 cm) superior to the EAM

78
Q

Parietoacanthial (Waters) - Sinuses

A

Horizontal to the IR and exiting the acanthion

79
Q

PA axial (Caldwell) - Sinuses

A

Directed horizontal to exit the nasion. The 15 degrees relationship between the CR and the OML remains the same for both techniques.

80
Q

Lateral - Sinuses

A

Directed horizontal, enter the patient’s head ½ - 1inch (1.3 – 2.5cm) posterior to the outer canthus

81
Q

PA axial (Caldwell) - Facial bones

A

Directed the CR to exit at the nasion at an angle of 15 degrees caudad.

82
Q

Parietoacanthial (Waters) - Facial bones

A

Perpendicular to exit the acanthion

83
Q

Acanthioparietral (Reverse Waters) - Facial bones

A

Perpendicular to enter the acanthion and centered to the IR

84
Q

Lateral - Facial bones

A

Perpendicular and entering the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone hallway between the outer canthus and the EAM

85
Q

PA axial - Orbits

A

Directed through the center of the orbits at a caudal angle of 30 degrees. This angulation is used to project the petrous portions of the temporal bones below the inferior margin of the orbits

86
Q

Parietoacanthial (modified Waters) - Orbits

A

Perpendicular through mid-orbits

87
Q

Lateral - Orbits

A

Perpendicular through the outer canthus

88
Q

Parietoacanthial (modified Waters) - Nasal bones

A

Perpendicular to enter just above the base of the skull and exit at the nose

89
Q

Lateral - Nasal bones

A

Perpendicular to the bridge of the nose at a point ½ inch (1.3cm) distal to the nasion

90
Q

AP axial (modified Towne) - Mandible

A

Directed 35 degrees caudad, centered midway between the TMJs, and entering at a point approximately 3 inches (7.6cm) above the nasion

91
Q

PA axial - Mandible

A

Directed midway between the TMJs at an angle of 30 degrees cephalad

92
Q

AP - Mandible

A

Perpendicular to enter the acanthion

93
Q

PA - Mandible

A

Rami: Perpendicular to exit the acanthion
Body: Perpendicular to the level of the lips
*Position of head varies between the two

94
Q

Axiolateral/Axiolateral obliques - Mandible

A

Directed 25 degrees cephalad to pass directly through the mandibular region of interest

95
Q

AP supine - Abdomen

A

Perpendicular to the IR at the level of the iliac crests for the supine position

96
Q

AP erect - Abdomen

A

Horizontal and 2 inches (5 cm) above the level of the iliac crests to include the diaphragm

97
Q

L Lateral decubitus - Abdomen

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR. Adjust the height of the IR to include side down when intraperitoneal fluid is suspected and to include side up when pneumoperitoneum is suspected.

98
Q

AP - Soft tissue neck

A

Perpendicular to the laryngeal prominence

99
Q

Lateral - Soft tissue neck

A

Perpendicular to the IR, center at the level of the laryngeal prominence.

100
Q

AP - Chest

A

Perpendicular to the long axis of the sternum and the center of the IR. The CR should enter about 3 inches (7.6cm) below the jugular notch.

101
Q

PA - Chest

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR. The CR should enter at the level of T7 (inferior angle of scapula)

102
Q

Lateral - Chest

A

Perpendicular to the center of the IR. The CR should enter at the level of T7 (inferior angle of scapula)

103
Q

AP - KUB

A

Perpendicular to the IR at the level of the iliac crests

Exam Prep (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions