Central Nervous System

Question 1

Hindbrain

Answer 1

Myelencphalon (medulla0
Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
Reticular Formation (motor, cardio control, pain, consciousness/alertness)

Question 2

Midbrain

Answer 2

Mesencephalon
Made up of:
- PAG - pain
- Substantia nigra - movement
- VTA - reward and reinforcement

Question 3

Forebrain

Answer 3

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Telencephalon (neocortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)

Question 4

Basla Ganglia

Answer 4

Caudate putamen
Striatum
Globus Pallidus

Responsible for motor control

Question 5

Limbic system

Answer 5

Cortical - cingulate/limbic cortex
Subcortical - amygdala, NAc, Hippocampus, Septal Nuc
Functions in mood, motivation, memory, fear
Pre-frontal cortex: decision making, risk assessment, and behavioral inhibitions

Question 6

Dopamine at the synapse

Answer 6

D1 and D5 are Gs and upregulate cAMP
D2, D3, and D4 are Gi and downregulate cAMP by increasing K+ conductance

Presynaptic AutoR’s inhibit NT release at the terminal, NT synthesis and impulse flow at the soma and dendrites

Question 7

Dopamine Pathway: Nigrostriatal Pathway

Answer 7

Substantia Nigra –> Striatum of Basal Ganglia

Question 8

Dopamine Pathway: Mesocorticolimbic

Answer 8

Mesolimbic: VTA –> NAc, olfactory tubercule
Mesocortical: VTA –> prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex

Act as central reward area

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

responsible for pituitary hormonal control

Question 10

Adrenergic Receptors (NE)

Answer 10

alpha and beta are both metabotropic
alpha1 - increases [Ca]i
alpha 2 - Gi –> decreases cAMP; leads to hyperpolarization

Beta (both) are Gs –> increase cAMP

Question 11

Ascending Adrenergic Pathway

Answer 11

Hunger, thirst, mod, hormones

Question 12

Descending Adrenergic Pathway

Answer 12

Autonomic, motor, pain

cerebellum and spinal cord

Question 13

Serotonin Receptor Subtypes

Answer 13

15+ receptors total

5HT1A - postsynaptically inhibitory –> decreased camp/increased K+ conductance

5HT1B and D - Autoreceptors –> inhibits presynaptic 5-HT release

5HT2A - Increase [Ca]i –> activates PKC

Question 14

Ascending Serotonergic Pathway

Answer 14

Parallel to DA ascending pathway

Modulates DA pathway

Question 15

Descending Serotonergic Pathway

Answer 15

Medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord

Question 16

Function of Serotonergic Pathway

Answer 16

Mood, depression and other affective states
Facilitates movement
Sleep
Sexual behavior
Thermoregulation
Pain sensation