Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology 190 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the brain? (4)

A
  1. bony structures
  2. membranes
  3. BBB
  4. CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Meninges

A 
= thin membranes located between bone and nervous tissue 
3 layers:
dura 
arachnoid
pia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dura mater has 2 layers…

A
  1. periosteal (external)

2. meningeal (internal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are 3 extensions of the dura mater which separate parts of the brain…

A
  1. falx cerebri: separates hemispheres of cerebrum
  2. falx cerebelli: separates hemispheres of cerebellum
  3. tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum from cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BBB

- how does it protect the brain?

A

= blood brain barrier
» isolates the parenchymal of the brain
» prevents many things from crossing into the brain and disturbing function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Arteries to brain

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Veins from brain

A

internal jugular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much of oxygen does the brain consume?

A

20% of O2 and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the tight junctions in the BBB formed from?

A

the vascular endothelium around brain capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do astrocytes do in the BBB?

A

Pressup against the capillaries and secrete chemicals which maintain the permeability of the tight junctions!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CSF

- how does it protect the brain?

A

= clear fluid; contains mostly water

  • protects brain from physical and chemical injury
  • transports nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the CSF circulate?

A

through internal cavities in the brain&raquo_space; the ventricles

flows over and around the brain and sc in the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are functions of the CSF? (3)

A
  1. mechanical protection
  2. homeostasis
  3. Circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mechanical protection

A
  • shock absorbing

- floats the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

homeostasis

A
  • pH of CSF effects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow > it is IMPORTANT To maintain homeostatic controls for brain tissue use
  • also there is a transport system for hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

circulation

A

-exchange of nutrients/waste between blood and adjacent nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

is manufactured by the:

choroid plexus = blood capillaries and ependymal cells in ventricles walls

18
Q

Where does the brainstem lie?

A

Between the diencephalon and sc

19
Q

What is the medulla oblongata? where does it lie?

A 
most inferior section of brain stem. 
Is involved in the regulation of essential functions for basis survival
- breathing
-cardiovascular (BP, HR)
- swallowing, coughing, vomiting
20
Q

What are the pons? where do they lie?

A

connection bridge between medulla and midbrain; anterior to cerebellum
contains breathing centres
-pnuemotaxic
-apneustic

21
Q

What is the midbrain? where does it lie?

A

extends from pons to diencephalon

  • where the cerebral aqueduct passes through (connects ventricles 3 and 4)
  • visual reflexes > blinking
  • auditory reflexes > startle
22
Q

What is the reticular formation? Where is it?

A

small clusters of neuronal cell bodies interspersed with myleinated axons

  • extend from sc throughout brain stem until diencephalon
  • has ascending and descending tracts…
23
Q

What is the reticular activating system (RAS)

A

sensory axons projecting from RF through cerebral cortex
-sensory stimuli include:
> visual and auditory
> pain, touch, pressure

The Ras…

  • mediates consciousness
  • sleep and arousal
  • prevents damage > prolonged coma
  • prevents sensory overload “filter”
24
Q

What is the cerebellum? Where does it lie?

A

the little brain
second largest part of the brain
inferior to cerebrum, posterior to brain stem
separated from cerebrum by the transverse fissure

25
What is the function of the cerebellum?
- evaluates how well movements are carried out > corrects errors - balance and postural control - coordinates skeletal muscle contraction >> movement coordination
26
What is the diencephalon made up? Wehere does it lie?
superior to brain stem 1. thalamus 2. Hypothalamus
27
what is the thalamus?
relay station for sensory information - makes up 80% of diencephalon - is 3 cm long - acts as a filter - contributes to motor function - maintenance of consciousness
28
What does the hypothalamus do?
- controls ANS > contractions of smooth/cardiac muscle - hormone production > ADH - regulation of emotion - regulation of eating and drinking, body temperature and circadian rhythms
29
What does the cerebrum do?
``` allows us to speak, read and write consists of: -outer cerebral cortex - internal region of cerebral matter > WM > GM nuclei ```
30
What is the cerebral cortex
region of GM forms outer rim of cerebrum 2-4nm thick billions of layers of neurons > the lobes of the cerebrum correspond to the bones of cranium
31
Internal regions: WM and GM
WM: consists mainly of myleinated axons GM: 3 masses of GM within each hemisphere >> the basal nuclei! - receives inout from CC - provides output to motor parts of CC
32
What are the functions of the basal nuclei?
- helps to initiate and terminate movements - helps toe up press unwanted movements - helps regulate muscle tone -controls subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles > like autonomic arm swing while walking and > true laughter to a joke
33
What are "broadmanns areas" (3)
regions of the cortex that are mapped to correspond to specific cognitive functions 1. sensory areas of CC are involved in perception of sensory information 2. motor areas control execution of voluntary movement 3. Association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits and intelligence
34
Primary vs secondary areas in the cerebrum...
primary: mediate the actual function e.g somatosensory secondary: give meaning to the actual function.g. PFC
35
The cerebrum: Main secondary areas (4)
1. somatosensory association area 2. visual/auditory association area 3. motor association area 4. PFC association area
36
Somatosensory association areas
- interpret somatic sensations without vision | - store memories of past sensory experiences
37
Visual/auditory association areas
- applies meaning to what you see or hear
38
Motor association areas
- stores learned movements (premotor)
39
PFC association areas
- well developed | - involved in personality, initiation, inhibition, judgments, planning, abstract thinking, reasoning and problem solving
40
What can be influenced from the result of PFC damage?
-intellect -personality -recall -initiative -reasoning -mood -planning etc.
41
What is aphasia? What are the two types?
Aphasia: unable to communicate language Brocas aphasia: damage to the production of speech > inability to properly articulate words Wernickes aphasia: damve to the processing of language > faulty understanding of spoken or written words

Physiology 190 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions