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Physiology 190 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protection, RBC production, structure support, movement, Ca2+ and P storage and triglyceride storage.

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Long, short (trapezoid, compact), flat (sternum- protective), irregular (vertebrae) and sesamoid (patella - protects tendons).

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3
Q

The long bone

A

Have proximal and distal points of attachment and has more length than width.

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4
Q

Physis, epi physis, diaphysis, metaphysis

A

Physis = growth. Epiphysis = in addition to (or on top of). Diaphysis = through. Metaphysis = important region for bone growth and contains the epiphyseal plate.

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5
Q

Epiphyseal plate and line

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage. It allows diaphysis of bone to grow in length. In children when this bone (plate) is finished growing, it closes and turns into a line.

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6
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage. Decreases friction and absorbs shock.

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7
Q

Periosteum & endosteum

A

Peri = around, contains bone forming cells, protects bone, is a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments. Bone forming cells contribute to bone growth through thickness! Endo = within, a single layer of bone forming cells and connective tissue, lines the medullary cavity.

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8
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow cavity. Contains yellow bone marrow and adipose/fat cells for nourishment. Minimizes weight

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9
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

connective tissue, gel like. Lines bony surfaces of joints.

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10
Q

What is bone tissue?

A

Consists of widely spaced apart cells, and is surrounded by extracellular matrix.

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11
Q

ECM

A

15% water, 30% collagen fibers (flexibility), 55% crystallized mineral salts (structural support). Mineral salts = Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide.

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12
Q

Calcification

A

When mineral salts crystallize and tissue hardens.

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13
Q

4 Bone cells

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts.

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14
Q

Osteogenic

A

Osteogenic “create” (develop into osteoblasts; found in ENDO, PERI and canals with bone containing vessels)

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Osteoblast “form” (forms bone matrix; found in ENDO and PERI)

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16
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteocyte “maintain” (maintain bone tissue, are matured bone cells and maintain metabolism; are found in lacunae in ECM)

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17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts “break down” (break down bone matrix, functions in reabsorption, are large with a ruffled border, are formed by the fusion of ~50 monocytes’; found in ENDO.

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18
Q

Compact bone tissue

A
  • few spaces
  • very strong
  • resists stress on bones
  • 80% of all bone tissue
    > e.g. surrounding endosteum in shaft of femur
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19
Q

Osteon

A

= haversian system; is a functional unit of compact bone. Are aligned in the same direction, are very strong against stress BUT are easy to break along perpendicular axis.

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20
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

circular plates of mineralized ECM

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21
Q

Central canal

A

contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves; in centre of each osteon

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22
Q

Lacunae

A

“little lakes” are between concentric lamellae; small spaces that contain osteocytes

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23
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels radiating from lacunae; filled with ECF, and connect lacunae to one another in order for nutrients and O2 diffusion

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24
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

areas between neighbouring osteons; contain lacunae, osteocytes and canaliculi; are fragments of older osteons

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25
Perforating canal
= volkmann's; moves through osteons to provide space for central canals
26
Circumferential lamellae
OUTER: is deep to periosteum; INNER: lines the medullary cavity
27
Spongy Bone
``` (bone tissue = osseous tissue) - larger spaces - lighter bones -Contain red bone marrow -20% go all bone tissue > e.g. in proximal epiphysis head of femur ```
28
Spongy bone structure
irregular lattice of lamellae >> more laterally arranged into thin columns
29
Trabeculae
thin columns of spongy bone; oriented along lines of strew in bone
30
Spaces in spongy bone provide...
Space for red bone marrow (in bones producing RBC's) and yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) (In other bones).
31
Spongy bone is found...
1. In long bones - forming the core of EPIphysis (lessening the weight) 2. found mostly in short, flat, irregular and sesamoid shaped bones for RBC production
32
Periosteal artery
Supplies PERI and outer of compact bone; enters DIA of bone through perforating canals
33
Nutrient artery
Supplies DIA and spongy bone tissue UP TO the EPI line; passes through nutrient foramen and runs through medullary cavity
34
Metaphyseal artery
(with the nutrient artery) supplies blood and marrow to META; enters metaphysics part of bone (i.e. the main shaft)
35
Epiphyseal artery
Supplies EPI; enters EPI of long bone (at the head)
36
Osteogenesis
= ossification; The formation of new bone (the process by which)
37
Bone formation occurs in 4 ways
1. Prenatally/in embryo 2. during adolescence/early adulthood 3. repairing of bone 4. remodelling of bone (i.e. in exercise)
38
Bone growth occurs in 2 ways...
1. in length > growth and replacement of cartilage | 2. in width > appositional growth (new circumferential lamellae is formed and deposited)
39
Length growth, 2 stages...
1st: through interstitial growth of cartilage on the EPI side of epi plate 2nd: through replacement of cartilage on DIA side of EPI plate
40
4 zones of Epiphyseal plate growth...
Activity in the plate ALLOWS for bone growth. Stage 1: zone of resting cartilage: anchors eli plate to EPI; contains few thin cells Stage 2: zone proliferating cartilage: chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth, divide and secrete ECM and divide to replace dead cells. Stage 3: zone of hypertrophic cartilage: cells grow in size Stage 4: zone of calcified cartilage: few cells, thick; most chondrocytes are dead because ECM around them has calcified. SO osteoclasts enter and dissolve dead cells, and osteoblasts invade and lay down more ECM >> replacing calcified cartilage and growing the NEW DIA
41
When does growth plate generally form?
In males > @ 21, in females > @ 18
42
6 Bone fractures
1. Open/closed compound fracture 2. Comminuted 3. Greenstick 4. Impacted 5. Pott 6. Colles'
43
Open/ closed fracture
single split (in open > protrudes through skin)
44
Comminuted
"together-crumbled" | splintered/crushed at a site of impact, smaller fragments lie between 2 main fragments.
45
Greenstick
Only in children; partial fracture (one side broken, other side bends). This only happens in children because bones are not fully ossified, and contain more organic matter
46
Impacted
One end of bone is forcefully driven into the other end, force is directed perpendicular (several breaks)
47
Pott
fracture of distal end of lateral leg bone; serious injury of distal tibial articulation
48
Colles
Fracture of distal end of lateral forearm; distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
49
4 Stages of repair
1. Fracture and repair 2. Soft Callous formation 3. Bony Callous formation 4. Bone remodelling
50
Fracture and Repair
> 6-8 hours post injury >> 3 weeks > formation of fracture hematoma: blood vessels at site are broken, mass of blood forms: fracture hematoma. Nearby bone cells die, because no blood supply > swelling and inflammation occurs. Phagocytes and osteoclasts remove debris.
51
Soft callous formation
> lasts for 3 weeks > fibroblasts invade and produce collagen fibers > cells from periosteum develop into chondrocytes and form cartilage, bridging broken ends
52
Bony callous formation
> lasts 3-4 months | > osteogenic cells > osteoblasts > produce spongy bone trabeculae
53
Bone remodelling
> Dead fragments reabsorbed by osteoclasts > compact bone replaces spongy bone > fracture line minimizes > leaves thickened area on surface >> Ca/P strengthens and hardens new bone
54
Bone remodelling (natural - not due to break)
Bone is continuously broken down and renewed throughout life through 2 processes 1. deposition: addition of proteins and minerals by osteoblast activity 2. resorption: breaking down of proteins and minerals by osteoclast activity; osteoclasts attach to bone surface and release lysosomal enzymes (collagen digestion) and acids (dissolve materials)
55
Renewal rates for compact and spongy bone
Compact: ~4%/year Spongy: ~20%/ year
56
Benefits of bone remodelling
Strenghtens bones removes wastes heals micro fractures and stresses adjusts appropriately to changes in protein needs
57
Osteoporosis
Bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue. Typically results from hormonal changes or deficiencies of Ca or Vit D.
58
Factors influencing bone remodelling (3)
1. Load 2. Diet 3. Hormones
59
Load
stress on bone; exercise promotes normal bone remodelling.
60
Diet
- Ca, P> stored in major quantities in bone work/remodelling; - Vit A> stimulates osteoclast activity; - Vit D > increases Ca absorption in GI tract; - Vit K & B 12> are involved in protein and collagen synthesis
61
Hormones
- Human growth hormone & insulin like growth factor >> stimulates osteoblasts, promotes cell division @ EPI plate and enhances protein synthesis - thyroid hormone & insulin >> promote bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and protein synthesis - Carathyroid = key thyroid hormone >> helps regulate exchange of Ca in bone > to bodily fluids - estrogen & testosterone >> increase osteoblast activity and ECM "growth spurt" >> widening of pelvis in females, closing EPI plate, and involved in bone remodelling in adulthood

Physiology 190 (6 decks)

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