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EPPP > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

Brain and Behaviour

1
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is comprised of

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

The Spinal Cord links to…

A

Muscles and organs

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3
Q

The Spinal Cord is divided into

A

4 major divisions, 30 segments

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4
Q

What are the 4 major divisions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical (C1-C8)
  2. Thoracic (T1-T12)
  3. Lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. Sacral (S1-S5)
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5
Q

The fibers entering the dorsal portion of the spinal cord transmit…

A

sensory information into the CNS

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6
Q

The fibers exiting the ventral portion of the spinal cord transmit….

A

motor information out from the CNS

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7
Q

Damage to the spinal cord results in:

A

A loss of communication and control (e.g., quadriplegia, paraplegia)

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8
Q

Partial damage to the spinal cord results in:

A

Paresis (weakness)

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9
Q

What is the role of the skull and cranial meninges?

A

Protection of the brain

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10
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges

A

(Outside in): Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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11
Q

What is contained within the sub-arachnoid space?

A

Arteries, veins, and trabeculae

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12
Q

What is the role of the ventricles in the brain/the cerebral ventricular system?

A

Produce and surround you brain in cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. To maintain the brains buoyancy
  2. To protect the brain from infection
  3. To regulate cerebral blood flow
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14
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (see image)

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15
Q

Neurons transmit information via

A

electrochemical signals

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16
Q

Space between two neurons

A

Synapse

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16
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

cell body/soma, dendrites (which receive signals), and an axon (which transmits signals)

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17
Q

Role of neurotransmitters

A

Facilitate transmission of information across synapses

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18
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Insulation of the neuron’s axon, speeds up transmission, made up of glial cells

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter responses can be either

A

Excitatory (increase the likelihood of post-synaptic neuron firing) or inhibitory (decrease the likelihood of firing)

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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Fight or flight response, regulates mood and alertness

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21
Q

Dopamine

A

Motivation, pleasure, reward, and movement, lack associated with schizophrenia, Parkinsons and tourettes

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22
Q

Serotonin

A

Influences mood, sleep, appetite and emotional regulation, too much: schizophrenia, autism, food restriction. Too little: bulimia, ptsd, OCD

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23
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Attention, learning, memory, sleep, muscle contraction

24
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter, reducing anxiety and regulating sleep. Damage to basal ganglia where GABA is secreted = Huntington’s

25
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter, learning and formation of long-term memory

26
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of limbic system
involved in memory formation, transition of short-term to long-term memory

27
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of limbic system
Proesses olfactory info, processing emotions

28
Q

Thalamus

A

interior
relays information between cortex and the brainstem (brain’s sensory switchboard), regulates attention and perception

29
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

subcortical, encloses the thalamus
responsible for motor output, emotion, cognition, and eye movements
Received input from the cerebral cortex and sending information out to the thalams
if damaged, difficulties with coordination and rhythm of movement (extrapyramidal syndromes)

30
Q

Brain Stem

A

incl., midbrain, pons, medulla
sits underneath the thalamus

regulated autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate, etc.)
reticular formation (in medulla) regulates alertness, consciousness and pain

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

Behind brainstem
Divided into superior, middle, and inferior cerebella penducles
Regulation of movement, automatic and rhythmic movements, coordination of limbs, and postural control
incld. cognitive functions (learning + attention)
Vulnerable in multiple sclerosis, lesions result in motor incoordination

32
Q

The Frontal Lobe Includes

A

The primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex

33
Q

The frontal lobe is responsible for

A

attention, cognition, reasoning, problem solving, voluntary movement

34
Q

Damage to the primary motor cortex results in

A

difficulties in motor learning

35
Q

Premotor cortex is responsible for

A

limb movements, includes mirror neurons

36
Q

Prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortexes are responsible for

A

executive functioning (incl. reasoning, judgement, planning)

37
Q

Deficits in the prefrontal cortex are seen in

A

ADHD, schizophrenia

38
Q

Broca’s area

A

responsible for speech + comprehension, damage here results in Broca’s aphasia

39
Q

Temporal Lobes incl.

A

superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

40
Q

Superior temporal gyri is responsible for

A

primary auditory processing, aka Heschl’s convolution

41
Q

Auditory Association Cortex is responsible for

A

Further auditory processing specific to language comprehension, aka Wernicke’s area. Wernicke’s aphasia related to difficulties extracting meaning from spoken language

42
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Site of primary somatosensory processing. Integrates sensory information to create a sensory picture of ourselves and our work
lesions here result in hemisensory (one-sided) loss

43
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Responsible for visual processing
Primary visual (striate) cortex = color and movement processing
Peristriatal regions = further visual processing and integration
lesions = cortical blindness

44
Q

Central Nervous System Stages

A
  • Proliferation
  • Migration
  • Differentiation (neurons develop axons and dendrites)
  • Myelination
  • Synaptogenesis
45
Q

CT

A

Computed Tomography, structural. Computed ‘slices’ of the brain. Used to find: tumors, blood clots, MS

46
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create structural images of the brain

47
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography, uses radioactive tracer to indicate regional bloodflow. Used to identify: cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia. Functional test.

48
Q

fMRI

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, uses contrast similar to MRI to provide detailed imaging of brain activity.

49
Q

Ataxia

A

Poor muscle control and clumsy movements

50
Q

Medulla

A

Part of hindbrain, responsible for vital functions, damage here can result in death

51
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Runs through the brain stem, hind, mid, and forebrain. Responsible for wakefulness, consciousness, and arousal. Damage here can result in coma-like sleep.

52
Q

Thalamas integrates all senses minus

A

olfactory - governed by the amygdala

53
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Defenciency in thymine, often due to chronic alcoholism.
1. Wernicke encephalopathy, slurred speech, ataxia, abnormal eye movements
2. Korsakoff Syndrome, amnesia, confabulation

54
Q

Suprachaismatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Located in hypothalamus, involved in sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.

55
Q

The amygdala attached emotions to

A

memories

56
Q

Kluvar-Bucy Syndrome

A

Results from lesions to amygdala. Reduces fea/aggression, increases docility, oral fixations and hypersexuality

57
Q
A

EPPP (2 decks)

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