Central Nervous System

Question 1

Main axes on the brain

Answer 1

• dorsal =top of the brain
  -ventral = bottom of the brain
  Rostral-=front of the brain
  -Claudual= back of the brain

Question 2

Sectional planes of the brain

Answer 2

-horizontal=divides the brain into top and bottom
-coronal plane= divides the brain into front and back
-Sagittal= divides the brain into left and right

Question 3

Afferent division of the nervous system

Answer 3

-inputs to the CNS from the peripheral system such and sensory and visual stimuli

Question 4

Efferent division of the nervous system

Answer 4

-outputs from CNS to peripheral
-consistent of the somatic nervous systems and autonomic and stimuli from the digestive tract which are further divided

Question 5

Meninges

Answer 5

-act as a protective barrier for the brain abb no d spinal cord shielding then from injury and providing support.they also contain the cerebrospinal fluid
-blood vessels cross the meninges supplying the brain with oxygen and nutrients and allowing the release of CO2 and waste products

Question 6

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 6

• protects the brain. From injury
• helps remove waste products from the brain and provides nutrients to the nervous system.
  -* ion composition
  similar to blood plasma, but with higher chloride concentration and much lower protein
  concentrations

Question 7

Blood brain barrier

Answer 7

• surrounds the blood vessels and capillaries
  -tight junctions between the walls of the blood vessels
  -protects CNS from toxins and pathogens, but also hinders drug treatments. Harder from drugs to reach the brain

Question 8

three main classification of the brain

Answer 8

-forebrain
-hindbrain
Midbrain

Question 9

Forebrain

Answer 9

-includes cerebral cortex,basal ganglia,hippocampus,amygdala

Question 10

Cerebral cortex

Answer 10

-outer layer of the brain involved in thinking,perceiving and decision-making
- made up of different regions such as the frontal lobe,parietal lobe,occipital lobe and temporal lobe

in the forebrain

Question 11

Thalamus

Answer 11

-process and directs sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

Question 12

Hypothalamus

Answer 12

• regulated homeostasis and controls autonomic nervous system and hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

Question 13

basal ganglia

Answer 13

-regulates emotions
-controls voluntary movements such as walking
-associated with pathological conditions including Parkinsons disease,Huntington’s disease

Question 14

hippocampus

Answer 14

• located in medial temporal lobe of cerebral hemispheres
  -functions are learning,memory

Question 15

amygdala

Answer 15

-small almond-shape structure adjacent to hippocampus at base of cerebral hemispheres
-fun actions are emotional behaviour and association of emotions with places/events

Question 16

Brainstem (Midbrain & Hindbrain)

Answer 16

-Midbrain, Pons & Medulla oblongata (hindbrain)- contains -all axons that connect spinal cord to forebrain and cerebellum

Question 17

midbrain

Answer 17

• direct control of eye movements
  -involved in skeletal motor control

Question 18

hinderbrain-cerebellum

Answer 18

-maintaining posture
-coordinating hand, eye and arm movements
-involved in cognitive functions

Question 19

hindbrain-pons

Answer 19

-relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
-dorsal portion contains structures involved in respiration,taste and sleep

Question 20

hinderbrain-medulla

Answer 20

• involved in the control of blood pressure & respiration
  -contains early components of auditory, taste and balancepathways
• control of neck and facial muscles

Question 21

spinal cord

Answer 21

-dorsal roots: sensory information
- ventral roots: motor axons and pre-ganglionic sympatheticand parasympathetic axon

Question 22

motor control at the local level

Answer 22

• autonomic responses
  -involves reflex generators
  -brain stems for respiratory control and eye movements and spinal cord for stereotyped movements such as walking

Question 23

motor control at the middle level

Answer 23

-initiation and coordination of movements
-brainstem, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum & primary motor cortex
-fine movements,motor skill learning, coordination of movements
-automatic resposnes

Question 24

what makes the human brain different to other primates

Answer 24

-ha the largest number of neurons than other primates but not structurally different or necessarily larger

Question 25

effects ageing on the brain

Answer 25

• there is no loss of neuronal cells, however,neuron complexity and synaptic connections reduce=shinkage of the cortex

Question 26

dementia

Answer 26

• the result of severe neuronal cell loss
• Amyloid plaques are abnormal clusters of beta-amyloid protein that accumulate between nerve cells in the brain. The accumulation of amyloid plaques is believed to disrupt communication between neurons and trigger an inflammatory response, contributing to neuronal damage and cell death.

-Neurofibrillary tangles consist of abnormal tau protein that forms twisted tangles inside neurons. Tau protein is crucial for maintaining the structure of neurons, and when it becomes abnormal, it leads to the breakdown of the neuronal transport system. This disrupts the normal functioning of neurons, contributes to cellular damage, and eventually results in cell death.

Question 27

Alzheimers drugs

Answer 27

• targets the symptoms
  -potential targets: amyloid plagues and tau tangles
  -only five drugs approved

Question 28

motor control at the higher level

Answer 28

-movement at conscious control
-Decision making and planning, motivation, learning and memory