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Bs1060 > blood and immune system > Flashcards

blood and immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune system

A

Immune system you are born with
- first line of defence so is rapid
-non specific
-barriers to keep harmful materials from the body.

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2
Q

Aquired immune system

A

-developed when your body is exposed to an antigen
-antigen specific
-capacity for memory
-rapid and specific response

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3
Q

Physical barriers

A

-epithelial layers (outer surface of the body,organ and blood vessels e.g. skin )
-hair
-fluid
-mucus

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4
Q

Respiratory epithelia

A
  • cells are ciliated. Mucus traps the pathogen and Cilla beats it out of the lungs to be coughed up or swallowed
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5
Q

Cellular barriers

A

-activates when there is a breach to the physical barriers
-white blood cells collect at the site of infection
-phagocytosis = engulf and degrade pathogens. Under gone by neutrophils (short lived), macrophages,mast cells,dendritic cells (long-lived)

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6
Q

natural killer cells

A
  • Kill virally infected cells
    -can detect and control cancer cells
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7
Q

Humoral responses

A

Secreted macromolecules that protect you
- cytokines _ proteins that alter the behaviour of other cells
-chemokines- proteins that attract other cells

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8
Q

Complement

A
  • Blood plasma proteins that defend againstinfection
  • contact with pathogen causes an activating protease cascade
  • enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes Cells
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9
Q

Interferons (IFN)

A
  • innate response to viral infections
    -release IFN proteins which stimulates neighbouring uninflected cells to become antiviral
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10
Q

Acquired immune defences

A
  • Cellular = cytotoxic t- cells, T-helper cells and B lymohocytes
    -Acellular =antibodies and cytokines
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11
Q

Roles of t and B lymphocytes

A

-T-cells directly attack infected or abnormal cells
-cytotoxic T cells recognise and kill virus-infected cells,cancer cells and cells that display abnormal antigens on their surface
- B cells = produce antibodies which neutralise pathogens

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12
Q

cytokines

A

-signalling molecules
-aid cell-cell communication and stimulate the movement of cells to the site

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13
Q

connectivity of the immune system

A

-once the pathogen enters the barriers the innate responses stimulate the adaptive immune system
-adaptive responses stimulate innate

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14
Q

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

A
  • repeating molecules common in pathogens that are absent from human cells
    -Recognised by receptors called PAMP recognition receptors (PRRs)
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15
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

-type of PRRs
-on the cell surface and binds to bacterial peptidoglycan
-som bind to DNA or RNA
-binding of peptidoglycan activates a cell cascade resulting in an immune response

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16
Q

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

A

-releases signals by stressed, injured, or dying cells.
-can a activate innate or adaptive immune cells to cause a response
-can activate inflammation

17
Q

four concepts in immune recognition

A
  • Innate immune response:
  • Can recognise generic features of pathogens (PAMPs)
  • Can recognise danger signals from non-apoptotic cell death (DAMPs)
  • Acquired immune response:
  • Can learn to recognise specific pathogens (adaptive immunity)
  • Can ignore human molecules (self-tolerance)
18
Q

inflammation causes

A

-injury
-autoimmune
-pathogen
-chemical/toxins

19
Q

mechanism of inflammation

A

-infection/wound triggers the host response
-host responses include immune cell recruitment, vascular changes(histamines), tissue remodelling

20
Q

example of mechanisms which causes symptoms of inflammation

A

-capillary widening=increased blood flow=heat
-increased permeability of cells-fluid releases into tissues-redness/swelling
-attraction of leukocytes(white blood cells
)= extravasation of white blood cells to the site of injury=tenderness
-systemic response= fever and proliferation of white blood cells=pain

21
Q

vascular changes

A

vasodilation= increases of oxugen passing through and waste product removal and a decrease in blood pressure

22
Q

stimuli for vasodilation

A
  • Histamine – released by tissue
    resident mast cells or basophils
  • Prostaglandins and leukotrienes –
    released by neutrophils and mast
    cells
  • Nitric oxide as a result of clotting
    pathways
  • Protein products of complement
    activation
23
Q

leukocyte migaration

A
  • The passage of leukocytes in and out of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
    and tissues. leukocytes travel through the blood. endothelium cells release signals to tell the leukocytes that there is a site of damage so leukocytes latch onto endothelium receptors. when they travel through small capillaries they begin rolling/crawling and then undergo paracellular and transcellular transmigration to pass through the cell and migrate into the tissue
    -migration is due to the chemotactic gradient
24
Q

immune deficiency

A
  • More frequent infections
  • More damage from each infection
  • Damage from unbalanced immune
    response unrelated to infection
    (inflammation, allergy,
    autoimmunity)
  • Increased risk of cancer
25
Q

example of disorder immune responses

A

-arthritis,lupus,aids,leukemia.asthma,allergys

26
Q

the hygiene hypothesis

A

-it explains the increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in industrialized countries.
-suggests that the reduction in exposure to infectious agents and microorganisms in early life, due to improved hygiene practices and sanitation, leads to an inadequately primed immune system

27
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

-where the blood and the lymph meet

28
Q

B and T helper cells

A

-they have antigen receptors on the cell surface. each cell has one type of receptor and each receptor is specific for a single antigen

29
Q

lymphoid circulation

A

-non-lymphoid cells pass through in blood vessels
-lymphoid cells move from blood to lymph node through high-endocytic venules
-lymphatic cells are concentrated in the endocytic venules and exit through the lymphatic vessels

30
Q

cells in lymphoid follicles

A

-dendritic cells arrive in the lymph-loaded with antigens to present to B and T cells
- B and T cells arrive from the blood, each with its receptors waiting to be activated by antigens on the dendric cells
-B and T cells get activated
-activated T cell interacts with activated B cell (cytokines) to stimulate it
-B cells make antibodies

31
Q

germinal centre formation

A

-once the B cells are activated prior via dendric cells
-Some of the activated B cells migrate to the follicles of lymphoid organs and form germinal centers.
-Within germinal centers, B cells undergo rapid proliferation
-B cells undergo mutuations which generates a diverse pool of B cells with slightly different antibody receptors
-B cells with antibody receptors that bind more strongly to the antigen presented by follicular dendritic cells are more likely to survive and proliferate further
- results in the production of antibodies with increased specificity and effectiveness against the antigen.
- Some of the B cells differentiate into long-lived plasma cells, which produce large quantities of antibodies. Others become memory B cells, providing long-term immunity against future encounters with the same antigen.

32
Q

clonality

A

-lymphocytes that was activated proliferates to form clones with the same receptor specificity

33
Q

clonal selection

A

-Naive lymphocytes encounter specific antigens from pathogens.
-When a lymphocyte’s receptor matches the antigen, it becomes activated.
-The activated lymphocyte undergoes rapid division, creating many copies of itself (clones).
-Some of the cloned B cells differentiate into plasmacells which produce antibodies and some memory cells

34
Q

primary immune response

A

-the initial reaction of the immune system to a specific antigen, such as a pathogen or foreign substance, that the body encounters for the first time
-starts within antigen recognition
-Antigen-presenting cells present antigens to helper T cells
-Activated helper T cells release cytokines that help regulate and coordinate the immune response.
- Activated B cells then differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and release antibodies specific to the antigen.
-developed memory cells

35
Q

antigen structure

A

-similar to an antibody structure with two identical heavy chain and two identical light chains
-has a constant and variable region
-variability in the proteins Complementarity determining regions controls how the protein folds

36
Q

how is the diversity of antigens made?

A

-combinational diversity= com

37
Q

why is a mechanism of self-tolerance needed?

A

-self-recognising cells could be harmful if it underwent clonal expansion
-a mechanism to remove cell-recognising self-antigens from the repertoire before clonal expansion is established

Bs1060 (11 decks)

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