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Pharmacolgy > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A

Receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, sores memories and generates thoughts and emotions

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2
Q

Three main neurotransmitters of the brain

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

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3
Q

Dopamine?

A

*Alertness
Clarity vs Ambiguity
Working memory vs Passive
Motivation vs hyper

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4
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

*concentration
Certainty/ doubt
Determination vs obsession
Recall memory vs dementia

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5
Q

Serotonin?

A

*Satisfaction
Relaxation vs insomnia
Pleasure vs anxiety
Learning memory vs disability

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6
Q

Dopamine and serotonin?

A

Appetite

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7
Q

Dopamine and norepinephrine?

A

Attention

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8
Q

Norepinephrine and serotonin?

A

Endurance

  • all 3 makes a balanced mood
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9
Q

Medical use of CNS drugs

A

Relieve pain
Suppress disorders of movement or seizures
Induce sleep or arousal
Reduce the desire to eat
Inhibit motion sickness
Treat anxiety, mania, depression or schizophrenia

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10
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Caused by too much dopamine in the brain

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11
Q

Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganised speech

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12
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Flattened affect
Reduced speech
Lack of initiative

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13
Q

Antipsychotic

A

They all reduce dopaminergic neurotransmission

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14
Q

Treatment for schizophrenia

A

Medication for treatment
Psychotherapy

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15
Q

Typical antipsychotics

A

Known as the new generation
Can cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities
Have more side effect
Have fewer withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Known as new generation antipsychotic
Less likely to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities
Have fewer side effects
Have more withdrawal symptoms

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17
Q

Symptoms of hypomanic and manic episodes

A

Racing thoughts
Pressured speech
Increased distractibility
Increased energy and restlessness

18
Q

Common bipolar treatments

A

Mood stabilisers
Antipsychotics
ECT
Talk therapy

19
Q

Affective disorders

A

Mental illnesses characterised by pathological changes in mood

20
Q

Unipolar disorders

A

Depression
Mania

21
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

Major depressive episodes

22
Q

Depression

A

Chemical dysfunction which causes reduced brain activity

23
Q

Therapy for depression
Non-pharmacological treatment

A

Psychotherapy
Light therapy
Electro convulsive therapy
Deep brain stimulation

24
Q

Classification of registered antidepressants

A

Tricyclic antidepressants
Tetracyclic antidepressants
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors
Serotonin receptor modulators
Noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Lithium salts

25
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Chemical structure with characteristic of a three ring nucleus
AMITRIPTYLINE
long half-lives

26
Q

Principal mechanism of action

A

Blockade of re-uptake of neurotransmitters

27
Q

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor

A

*More modern and safer than TCA
*Principal mechanism of action: Selective inhibition of 5-HT(serotonin reuptake)
*Indication are generalised anxiety, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder , ocd, BN, gambling

28
Q

Most important SSRIs

A

Fluoxetine(Prozac)
Citalopram(cipramil)
*long half lives

29
Q

Serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors (SNRI)

A

Used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety and panic disorders.
It is used off-label to treat migraine, diabetic neuropathy, and hot flashes

30
Q

Serotonin receptor modulators(SRMs)

A

Trazodone (Molipaxin)
- at low doses, it acts as a serotonin antagonist, and acts as an agonist while at high doses
*strong sedative antidepressant- treat insomnia

31
Q

Noradrenaline and dopamine re-uptake inhibitors

A

Bupropion
- acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine
*used for severe depression and smoking cessation treatment
* effects are insomnia, excitation, restlessness, lowers epilepsy threshold

32
Q

Lithium

A

Prophylactic treatment in bipolar disorder
Effects- weight gain, GIT disturbances, alopecia
Interacts with thiazides to increase Li re absorption

33
Q

Melatonergic antidepressants

A

Agomelatine
Rx of major depressive episodes in adults
Has no effect on sexual activity
No weight gain
Effects: hyperhidrosis, anxiety, and increased liver function tests

34
Q

Vortioxetine

A

Rx of MDD
Takes long to work
To side effects
Enhance memory and learning

35
Q

Sedative hypnotics

A

Benzodiazepines
Short action: triazolam
Intermediate action: alprazolam
Long action: flurazepam

36
Q

Benzodiazepines pharmacologic effects

A

Anticonvulsant effects
Anterograde amnesia
Reduction muscle tone and coordination
Sedation and induction of sleep
Reduction in anxiety and aggression

37
Q

Symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal

A

Anxiety
Depression
Insomnia
Irritability, anger or rage
Balance problems

38
Q

Anti-epileptic drugs

A

Aim to inhibit the fast, repetitive neuronal discharges that characterise convulsion

39
Q

Anti-epileptic drug
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

A

Used to prevent and control seizures
Also relieve certain type of nerve pain
Can also treat mood disorders
Half lifemis 25-65 house with single dose
* may cause skin rashes, hepatitis, ataxia, sedation and confusion

40
Q

Anti-epileptics

A

They are all teratogenic
*phenytoin
* carbamazepine
*Valproate

41
Q

Opioids

A

Heroin
Morfine
Codeine
Fentanyl
Oxycodone

42
Q

Opium

A

Poppy plant
Opiate are substances that are extracted from crude opium
Opioid are compound with morphine-like activity

Pharmacolgy (6 decks)

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