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MT6315 (CYTO) > Central Dogma: Molecular Basis of Heredity -- DNA, RNA, & Proteins > Flashcards

Central Dogma: Molecular Basis of Heredity -- DNA, RNA, & Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic component of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Nitrogenous bases
  2. Pentose sugar
  3. Phosphate group
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2
Q

Under the nitrogenous bases, what are the compontents?

A

Nitrogenous bases
- Purine bases: Adenine & Guanine
- Pyrimidine bases: Thymine & Cystosine (in RNA: Uracil instead of Thymine)

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3
Q

Under the pentose sugar, what are the compontents?

A

DNA: Deoxyribose
RNA: Ribose

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4
Q

Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base

A

Nucleoside

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5
Q

Phosphate group + Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Who demonstrated how the 3 nucleotide components are physically assembled to form DNA?

A

Watson & Crick

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7
Q

It is a model of DNA where it is like a twisted ladder with chemical bonds as its rungs

A

Double Helix model

Discovered by Watson & Crick

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8
Q

Nucleotides are joined to form a __________

A

polynucleotide chain

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9
Q
  • Covalent bond that links adjacent nucleotides
  • 5’-phosphate group of the new nucleotide is linked to the free 3’-OH group of the existing nucleotide
A

Phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

Enumerate the nitrogenous base pairing

A
  • Adenine and Thymine
  • Guanine and Cytosine
  • In RNA: Adenine and Uracil
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11
Q

How many hydrigen bonds are there for the following:

  • A – T pair has ____ hydrogen bonds
  • G – C pair has ____ hydrogen bonds
A
  • A – T pair has two hydrogen bonds
  • G – C pair has three hydrogen bonds
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12
Q

In a DNA duplex, the ____ end of one strand is opposite the ____ end of the other

Have opposite orientations = antiparallel

A

5’ end to 3’ end

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13
Q

These are important for the attachment of DNA Binding Proteins involved in replication and transcription

A

Major and minor grooves

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14
Q

It is important in duplicating the DNA so that there will be sister chromatids at anaphase stage and at the end of cytokinesis, each daughter cell would have the genetic material.

A

Replication

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15
Q

True or False

**DNA replication **is described as Semiconservative

A

False

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16
Q

What are the major steps in DNA Replication?

A
  1. Unwinding of the double stranded DNA
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. Rewinding of the double helix
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17
Q

It unwinds the two DNA
strands at the replication fork

A

Helicase

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18
Q

It stabilizes the DNA as it forms so it will not anneal to reform the double helix

A

Single-strand DNA binding proteins (SSB)

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19
Q

It releases the tension (positive supercoils) ahead of the replication fork caused by the unwinding of the DNA helix

A

DNA Gyrase

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20
Q

Replication

  1. Unwinding of parental strands through Helicase protein binding creating a ______
A

replication fork

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21
Q

Replication

What step of replication is this?
Stabilizing the ssDNA through the single-strand DNA binding proteins (SSB) at the replication fork

A

2nd step

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22
Q

Replication

What step of replication is this?
Primase binding at the replication fork to synthesize short RNA primer, needed at the start of DNA synthesis, since it provides the 3’-OH group, to which new nucleotides are added

A

3rd step

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23
Q

Replication

In the 4th step of replication, ________ binding at the DNA template which adds DNA nucleotide at the RNA primer

A

DNA polymerase

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24
Q

Replication

In the fifth step of replication, ________ in a 5’ to 3’ direction to both Parental DNA template

A

adding of nucleotides by DNA polymerase

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25
Q

Replication

In the sixth step of replication, the other strand produced short fragments aka ________, known as

A

Okazaki fragments (discontinuous synthesis)

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26
Q

In the seventh step of replication, ________ proofreads the newly synthesized DNA and replacing incorrect bases

A

DNA polymerase

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27
Q

In the eighth step of replication, ________ rewinds the DNA double helix and ________ seals the sugar phosphate

A

Annealing helicase; Ligase

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28
Q

What is the summary of the DNA Replication process?

A
  1. Helicase unwind the parental double helix
  2. **SSB **stabilies the ssDNA
  3. Primase binding at the replication fork to synthesize short RNA primer
  4. DNA polymerase binding at the DNA template ——> adds DNA nucleotide at the RNA primer
  5. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5 ——> 3 direction by the DNA polymerase
  6. The lagging strand produced Okazaki fragments
  7. DNA polymerase proofreads and corrects the newly synthesized DNA
  8. Anneling healicase rewinds the DNA & Ligase seals the sugar phosphate
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29
Q

It is the process by which an RNA sequence is formed from a DNA template

A

Transcription

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30
Q

What are the major steps of Transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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31
Q

What are the two complementary DNA strands in transcription?

A
  • Template strand
  • Coding strand
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32
Q

Between the two complementary DNA strands in transcription, what has these characteristics:
- is used for RNA synthesis and is
- aka the antisense strand

A

Template Strand

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33
Q

Between the two complementary DNA strands in transcription, what has these characteristics:
- Has the same sequence as the RNA produced, with exception of U replacing T
- Non-template strand
- Aka: sense strand

A

Coding strand

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34
Q

Type of RNA produced by the transcription process

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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35
Q

In the 1st step of transcription, one of the RNA polymerase enzymes (RNA polymerase II for mRNA) ________ to a promoter site on the DNA

A

binds

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36
Q

In the 2nd step of transcription, ________ pulls a portion of the DNA strands apart from each other, exposing unattached DNA bases

A

RNA Pol

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37
Q

In the 3rd step of transcription, one of the two DNA strands provides the template for the ________
- Antisense strand: template DNA strand
- Sense strand: other DNA strand that doesn’t serve as template

A

sequence of mRNA nucleotides

38
Q

In the 4th step of transcription, the RNA sequence is synthesized only in _______

A

5’ to 3’ direction
- RNA Pol moves in 3’ to 5’ direction along the DNA template strand while assembling mRNA strand from 5’ to 3’

39
Q

In the 5th step of transcription, transcription continues until a group of bases called ____________ is reached

A

termination sequence

40
Q

In the 6th step of transcription, DNA strands and RNA Pol separate from the transcribed _________

A

single mRNA strand (primary transcript)

41
Q

What is the summary of the DNA Transcription process?

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to a promotor site
  2. RNA Pol pulls DNA strand apart, exposing unattached DNA bases
  3. One DNA strands provides the template for the sequence of mRNA nucleotides
  4. RNA sequence is synthesized only in 5’ to 3’ direction
  5. Transcription continues until it reaches the termination sequence
  6. DNA strands and RNA Pol separate from the transcribed single mRNA strand
42
Q

This are modifications that occur in a primary mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus

A

Post-transcription Modifications

43
Q

True or False

RNA products of transcription are not necessarily functional RNAs

44
Q

What are the processes under the post-transcription modifications?

A
  • Splicing
  • Capping
  • Polyadenylation
45
Q

In the post-transcription modifications, this is when introns in the precursor mRNA are excised, and the exons are ________ together to form a shorter mature mRNA

46
Q

In the post-transcription modifications, this is where the 5’ end of RNA is ________ by the addition of a methylated guanine nucleotide

47
Q

In the post transcription modification process, the capping is done through the addition of ________

A

methylated guanine nucleotide

48
Q

In the post-transcription modifications, it is the process wherein the 3’ end acquires a poly(A) tail that contains approx. 200 adenine residues

A

Polyadenylation

49
Q

It is the process in which mRNA provides a template for the synthesis of a protein.

A

Translation

50
Q

What are the major steps in Translation?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
51
Q

In the translation process what are the 3 important types of RNA?

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer rna (tRNA)
52
Q

In the translation phase, it is the RNA that carries code for prootein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

53
Q

In the translation phase, it is the RNA that is a component of ribosome (structural support and catalytic activity)

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

54
Q

In the translation phase, it is the adaptor molecule that provides physical and informational link between mRNA and the polypeptide being synthesized

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

55
Q

In the translation phase, it is the site of protein synthesis

56
Q

What are the two subunits of Ribosomes?

A
  1. Small subunit
  2. Large subunit
57
Q

Between the two subunits of ribosomes, which is the decoding site and mediates the interaction between mRNA and tRNA?

A

Small subunit

58
Q

Between the two subunits of ribosomes, which is the active site and catalyzes peptide bond formation?

A

Large subunit

59
Q

In the 1st step of Translation, the ribosome finds the ____________ on the mRNA sequence

A

initiation site

60
Q

In the 1st step of Translation, what codon represents the initiation site?

A

AUG codon (start codon)
- it codes for Methionine

61
Q

In the 2nd step of Translation, the ________ binds the tRNA to its surface so that base pairing can occur between ________ and _______

A

ribosome; tRNA and mRNA

62
Q

In the 3rd step of Translation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA, codon by codon, in the ________ direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

63
Q

In the 4th step of Translation, as each codon is processed, an ________ is translated by the interaction of mRNA and tRNA

A

amino acid

64
Q

In the 5th step of Translation, the ribosome provides an enzyme that catalyzes the ________ between adjacent amino acids, resulting in a growing polypeptide – catalyzed by enzyme peptidyl transferase

A

covalent peptide bonds

65
Q

In the 5th step of Translation, the ribosome provides an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, resulting in a growing polypeptide which is catalyzed by the enzyme __________

A

peptidyl transferase

66
Q

In the 6th step of Translation, termination of translation occurs when the ribosome arrives at a ________ on the mRNA sequence

A

stop codon
- UAA
- UAG
- UGA

67
Q

In the 7th step of Translation, upon completion of synthesis, the mRNA, ribosome and polypeptide ________ from one another

68
Q

In the 8th step of Translation, The ________ is released into the cytoplasm

A

polypeptide

69
Q

What is the summary of the DNA Translation process?

A
  1. Ribosome finds the initiation site (AUG)
  2. Ribosome binds to tRNA to its base —> base paring occurs betw. tRNA & mRNA
  3. Ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  4. Amino acids are translated by the interaction of mRNA and tRNA
  5. The ribosome provides an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent peptide bonds —-> growing polypeptide (catalyzed by peptidyl transferase)
  6. Ribosome arrives at a stop codon —> Termination of translation
  7. mRNA, ribosome and polypeptide separate from one another
  8. Polypeptide is released into the cytoplasm
70
Q

Type of modifications that occur in newly synthesized polypeptides to become functional proteins

A

Post-translation Modifications

72
Q

Identify the protein by its structure

It is a type of protein that is a linear sequence of amino acids

73
Q

Identify the protein by its structure

It is a type of protein that is a local folded proteins that occur inside a polypeptide due to atom interactions
- alpha-helix
- beta-pleated sheets

74
Q

Identify the protein by its structure

It is a type of protein that is a three-dimensional framework of the polypeptide, due to interactions between the R groups of the A sequence of the protein - Hydrophobic interactions
- H bonds (non-covalent bonds)
- sulfur bridges

75
Q

Identify the protein by its structure

It is a type of protein that is an association of two or more polypeptides into a multi-subunit complex; assembly of individual polypeptides into a larger functional cluster (contains more than one subunit - hemoglobin)

A

Quaternary

76
Q

Identify the protein by its composition

It is a type of protein that contains a series of amino acids only

A

Simple protein

77
Q

Identify the protein by its composition

It is a type of protein that contains amino acid residues plus prosthetic groups

A

Conjugated protein

78
Q

Give the corresponding amino acid for the protein
Nucleoproteins

A

Nucleic acids

79
Q

Give the corresponding amino acid for the protein
Lipoprotein

80
Q

Give the corresponding amino acid for the protein
Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates

81
Q

Give the corresponding amino acid for the protein
Phosphoproteins

A

Phosphate groups

82
Q

Give the corresponding amino acid for the protein
Hemoproteins

83
Q

Give the corresponding amino acid for the protein
Metalloproteins

A

Iron or Zinc

84
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that catalyzes covalent bond breakage or formation and speeds up chemical reactions

A

Enzyme (catalytic)

85
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that provide mechanical support to cells and tissues

A

Structural

86
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that store amino acids or ions

87
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that serves as antibodies that protect the body from antigens and serves as coagulation factors

A

Protective

88
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that bind to DNA to switch the gene on or off

A

Regulatory

89
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that carry extracellular signals from cell to cell

A

Nerve impulse transmission (Hormones)

90
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that generate movement (actin, myosin)

A

Movement (contractile)

91
Q

Identify the protein by its function

It is a type of protein that carry small molecules or ions

MT6315 (CYTO) (5 decks)

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