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MT6315 (CYTO) > 2.1 - Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure > Flashcards

2.1 - Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

These are carried traits from one generation to the next

A

Medelian “factors”

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3
Q

He recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus which is termed now as chromatin or “stainable material”

A

Walther Flemming

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4
Q
  • He observed cells in various stages of division
  • He recognized that chromosomal movement during mitosis offered a mechanism for the precise distribution of nuclear material during cell division
A

Walther Flemming

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5
Q

He provided the first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations

Studied cytoplasmic changes to form new offspring from union of gametes

A

Theodor Boveri

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6
Q

His work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis

A

Theodor Boveri

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7
Q

He is one of the pioneers of embryology

A

Theodor Boveri

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8
Q

He confirmed and expanded upon Boveri’s observations

A

Walter Sutton

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9
Q

He described the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis (testes of Brachystola magna or grasshopper)

A

Walter Sutton

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10
Q

Flemming - studied mitosis; Sutton & Boveri studied ________

A

meiosis

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11
Q

The division in meiosis can be described at both the ____ level and ____ level

A

nuclear level ; chromosomal level

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12
Q

Out of the 4 products of meiosis in females, only ____ of them becomes a mature egg (ovum), while the ____ becomes polar bodies

A

1 ovum ; 3 polar bodies

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13
Q

He investigated the mechanisms of heredity and developed the Chromosomal theory of inheritance and the Idea of chromosomal individuality

A

Theodor Boveri

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14
Q

Boveri hoped that his experiments would also help to distinguish the roles of the nucleus and the cytoplasm in ___________

A

embryogenesis

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15
Q

It is the influence that certain cytoplasmic contents have on the behavior of the nucleic material and the differentiation of the cell.

A

Cytoplasmic specification

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16
Q

True or False

Boveri was also able to demonstrate that each chromosome carried specific hereditary information, and that the chromosomes were not interchangeable—they summed to the total hereditary structure

A

True

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17
Q

In 1910, ge experimentally demonstrated Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance using Drosophila melanogaster

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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18
Q

What insect did Morgan used for his “Fly Room” experiments?

A

Drosophila melanogaster or Fruit fly

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19
Q

In 1916, he helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex through nondusjunction

student of Morgan

A

Calvin Bridges

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20
Q

It is the procsses that causes chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells

A

Nondisjunction

It caused sperm or egg cells to contain abnormal amounts of chromosomes

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21
Q

These are threadlike structures or “colored bodies” (chroma = color ; soma = body)

Factors that distinguish one species from another

A

chromosome

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22
Q

What are the components of a chromosome?

A
  • protein
  • single molecule of DNA (runs several thousands of kilobases)
  • some minute RNA
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23
Q

In what experiemt did scientists prove that it is in fact DNA and not protein that is being passed from gen to another?

A

rough and smooth strain bacteria

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24
Q

The number of stained regions

A
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25
Q

What factors of a chromsome distinguishes one specie to another?

A
  • number
  • sets of genes
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26
Q

It is a type of protein found in chromosomes and binds to DNA and give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes

A

Histone proteins

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27
Q

What type of protein wraps and pulls around the chromosome?
- it is involved in the wrapping of DNAs until it becomes a hyperlooped structure and creates the chromosome

A

Histone proteins

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28
Q

True or False

All chromosomes have a constriction/region of centromere

A

False

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29
Q

In ________, chromosomes ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement

A

Mitosis

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30
Q

In ________, chromosomes enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes

stage where diploid (2n) becomes haploid

A

Meiosis I

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31
Q

What comprises of the human chromosome?

A
  • 44 autosomes
  • 2 sex chromosomes
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32
Q

Among the phases under mitosis, which phase contains the chromosomes that are thick, easily stained, and used in karyotyping?

A

Metaphase chromosomes

Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids

33
Q

In aligning the chromosomes in karyotyping, what should be the order of the chromosomes?

A

Biggest to smallest (according to size)

34
Q

In the sex chromosomes (X & Y), which is smaller in size?

A

Y sex chromosome

35
Q

Where do you find the Extra-chromosomal DNA in animals?

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

What is the pattern of inheritance of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Matrilineal (only get it from the mothers)

37
Q

Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is an example of what disease

A

Mitochondrial disease

38
Q

It is the region of metaphase chromosomes that tie together sister chromatids

A

centromere

39
Q

It is a region in the end of linear chromosomes or eukaryotic chromosomes (non-existent in circular chromosomes/prokaryotic)

A

telomere

“aglets”

40
Q
  • It protects the chromosomes from being destroyed at the tips
  • play an imp. role in attaching cells during meiosis, spec. in sex cells (attachment of cells to the side nuclei which allows for the pairings of homologous chromosomes)
  • maintains the information code of the DNA
A

telomere

41
Q

It is the ribonucleoprotein enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences

A

Telomerase

42
Q

What are the stages of the looping of the DNA until it reaches the highly-coiled struct.?

A
  1. DNA Double helix
  2. Wrapping og DNA around a histone octamer with histone H1 (closer of the loop)
  3. Formation of a 3D zigzag structure via histone H1 and other DNA-binding proteins – It becomes a nucelosome (“beads on a string”)
  4. anchoring of radial loops in the nuclear matrix —- radial loop domains
  5. further contraction of radial loops
  6. foprmation of a scafold from the nuclear maix and further complication of all radial loops
  7. Result: metaphase chromosome
43
Q

Histone proteins is rich in ____, which allows for positive chargers to present and attract the negatively charged DNA around the phosphate region

A

basic amino acids

44
Q

In the bead on a string is composed of _ subunits of globular proteins plus 1 H1 protein found at the ____ of the bead

A

8 ; periphery

45
Q

A nucelosome “bead” is composed of what

A

8 histone molecules wrapped around by 147 nucleotide pairs of DNA

46
Q

Besides the histone proteins, the chromosome also has helper proteins called _______

A

anchoring proteins

47
Q

These are two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication

A

chromatids

48
Q
  • Central region
  • Primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked
  • Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA
  • Responsible for chromosome movement at cell division
A

centromere

49
Q

It is a region in the centromere that serves as an attaching point for microtubules and facilitates spidle formation

A

kinetochore (part of MTOC)

50
Q

It is the whole region in the centromere including the kinetochore where microtubules emerge

A

Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

51
Q

The centromere divided the chromosome into:

A

short arm: p (petite)
long arm: q (queues or “g” = grande)

52
Q

True or False

Not all chromosome is nicely divided into p and q arms

A

true

53
Q

Molecularly, we can count the number of ____ to identify which is the p and q arms

A

bases

54
Q

There are ____ chromosomes that have prominent long and short arms

A

13

55
Q

Chromosome Types based on number of centromeres

  • the only normal kind of chromosome (accdg. kay ian haha, since ito lang yung napapass)
  • Single centromere
  • Reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells
A

Monocentric

56
Q

Chromosome Types based on number of centromeres

  • Lacks centromere
  • genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost (because there is no centromere = no attachment site for microtubules to pull the chromosome w dynein and kinesin towards the pole)
A

Acentric

57
Q

Chromosome Types based on number of centromeres

  • two centromeres
  • also genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion
A

Dicentric

58
Q

Chromosome types are categorized based on what factors?

A
  • numbers of centromeres
  • centromere position
  • arms ratio
59
Q

Chromosome Types based on centromere position

  • Middle = yielding arms of roughly equal length
  • Centromere is centrally located
  • 5 pairs in humans
A

Metacentric

60
Q

The shape of the metacentric chromosome is ________ shape

A

X shape

61
Q

1st, 3rd, 16th, 19th and 20th are examples what type of chromosome (based on centromere position)

A

metacentric

62
Q

Chromosome Types based on centromere position

  • Off-center centromere; “q” arm is longer
  • Unequal length of chromosome arms
  • 13 pairs
A

Submetacentric

63
Q

Chromosome Types based on centromere position

2, 4 - 12, 17, 18, X are examples of what type of chromosome (based on centromere position)

A

Submetacentric

64
Q
  • Acro = peak
  • centromere severely off-set from centre
  • Very close to one end; yielding a small short arm
  • Often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites, encoding rRNA
  • 5 pairs in humans
A

Acrocentric

65
Q

In acrocentric type of chromosome, the p region is called a ________ region (since it is too short) which contain genetic information

A

satellite

66
Q

13 - 15, 21, 22, Y are examples of what type of chromosome (based on centromere position)

A

Acrocentric

67
Q

This is a type of centromere found at end of chromosome = meaning no p arm exists

chromosome not found in humans

A

telocentric

68
Q

What are the shapes of the following chromosome types:
- metacentric
- submetacentric
- acrocentric

A
  • metacentric = V-shaped
  • submetacentric = J-shaped
  • acrocentric = i-shaped
69
Q

It determines the ratio of p and q arms for each chromosome type (L/s)

proposed by Levan et al. (1964)

A

Arms ratio (r)

70
Q

Telomere is a tandem repeats of the hexameric sequence ________

A

‘TTAGGG’

71
Q

What formation allows the elongation of the telomere and maintains telomere region

A

lariat formation

72
Q

It prevents abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosomes

A

telomere

73
Q

During early meiosis, telomeres play the distinctive function of ________ chromosomes to the inner nuclear membrane

A

anchoring

74
Q

as a consequence of the nuclear membrane polarization, telomeres cluster together into a ________ , which facilitates pairing and recombination of the homologous chromosomes

A

bouquet configuration

75
Q

This hypothesis proposes that the ends of linear DNA cannot be replicated completely during lagging strand DNA synthesis.

A

End of Replication Problem Hypothesis

76
Q

Telomerase replenishes the ________ and requires no ATP

A

telomere cap

77
Q

In most multicellular eukaryotic organisms, telomerase is active only in:

A
  • germ cells
  • some stem cells
  • certain WBC
78
Q

Telomerase can be reactivated and telomeres reset back to an embryonic state by _______

A

somatic cell nuclear transfer

79
Q

The phenomenon of limited cellular division was first observed by ________ , and is now referred to as the Hayflick limit

A

Leonard Hayflick

MT6315 (CYTO) (5 decks)

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