Central Dogma 1

Question 1

Ability to coordinate a wide
variety of chemical reactions
that makes a cell “a cell”

Answer 1

Metabolic Regulation

Question 2

Language of the Cellular DNA

Answer 2

Consist only of four letters: A,
G,T,C

Question 3

These words when “expressed”
represent a particular amino acid

Answer 3

3-letter combination from C,G,T,A

Question 4

Words put into sequence

Answer 4

Sentence

Question 5

Sentence:______

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

Numerous sentences:_________

Answer 6

Book

Question 7

Book:_________

Answer 7

Genome

Question 8

complete information of
an organism’s DNA

Answer 8

Genome

Question 9

important in preservation;
strands are complementary (DNA Replication)

Answer 9

Double helix structure

Question 10

break hydrogen bonds between DNA strands at origin (DNA Replication)

Answer 10

Initiator proteins / enzymes

Question 11

DNA strands separate and The replication fork is formed

Answer 11

Replication-Making New DNA

Question 12

added at initiation site to start DNA synthesis

Answer 12

RNA “primer”

Question 13

small piece of RNA
that is complimentary to a
specific section of DNA and
will bind to that section of
DNA

Answer 13

“primer”

Question 14

DNA polymerase must jump ahead and work backward on?

Answer 14

“lagging” strand

Question 15

DNA fragments on lagging strand are called

Answer 15

Okazaki fragments

Question 16

Fragments are joined by an enzyme called

Answer 16

DNA Ligase

Question 17

Primary Substances Involved in Transcription

Answer 17

m-RNA
t-RNA
r-RNA

Question 18

mediated by the
enzyme RNA polymerase

Answer 18

RNA synthesis

Question 19

RNA polymerase always reads in the

Answer 19

3’ to 5’ direction

Question 20

Necessary parts of DNA become unbound

▪ One strand is the template for each gene.

▪ a gene will encode for one protein

▪ RNA polymerase ‘reads’ DNA and synthesizes mRNA

▪ RNA polymerase consists two
parts: core and sigma subunit

Answer 20

Transcription: RNA Sysnthesis

Question 21

RNA polymerase consists two
parts

Answer 21

core and sigma subunit

Question 22

Three transcription substeps

Answer 22

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 23

consists of a promoter, genes, and a terminator

Answer 23

An operon (in procaryotes)

Question 24

begins with binding of
sigma factor to promoter region of
DNA

Answer 24

Initiation

Question 25

m-RNA synthesis stops when RNA polymerase encounters a?

Answer 25

terminator (specific sequence of
bases)

Question 26

modified by the addition of a guanine nucleotide with a methyl grp attached.

Answer 26

RNA capping- 5’ end

Question 27

a string of adenine nucleotides are added to the 3’ end.

Answer 27

Polyadenylation

Question 28

Three translation substeps:

Answer 28

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 29

formation of a 30s and 50s rRNA initiation complex in prokaryotes.

Answer 29

Initiation

Question 30

Initial AUG encodes for

Answer 30

N formylmethionine

Question 31

ten
nucleotides upstrean the initial
AUG

Answer 31

Shine-Delgarno box

Question 32

uses tRNA with
attached amino acids as decoders

Answer 32

Elongation

Question 33

a string of
adenine nucleotides are added to
the 3’ end.

Answer 33

Polyadenylation

Question 34

Three translation substeps

Answer 34

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 35

Translation start codon is?

Answer 35

AUG

Question 36

Two sites on the ribosome for the
tRNA-called

Answer 36

P and A

Question 37

chaperones (proteins)
that assist in folding

Answer 37

Folding

Question 38

signal sequence = a
sequence of 20-25 amino acids on
the front of a protein that directs
the protein to be secreted out of the
cell.

Answer 38

Secretion

Question 39

addition of sugars
to the protein structure

Answer 39

Glycosylation

Question 40

secretion through the
cytoplasmic membrane.

Answer 40

Procaryotes

Question 41

transport vesicles -
bud around the proteins and
transport to the membranes.

Answer 41

Eurcaryotes

Question 42

only
accomplished in eucaryotic
organisms.

Answer 42

N-linked glycosylation

Question 43

a target for
the body to clear (remove)
proteins

Answer 43

Glycosylation pattern

Question 44

the processes by
which cells synthesize
biomolecules and generate
energy

Answer 44

Metabolism

Question 45

the process of
breaking down larger
molecules to extract energy
and create reaction substrates.

Answer 45

Catabolism

Question 46

the process of
synthesizing larger molecules
for maintenance and new cell
generation

Answer 46

Anabolism

Question 47

Energy in cells is transferred
largely through

Answer 47

ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)

Question 48

The process by which ATP is
formed as a result of the
transfer of electrons from
NADH or FADH2 to O₂ by a
series of electron carriers.

Answer 48

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 49

Occurs via the electron
transport chain (proton
gradient).

Answer 49

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 50

Composed of two coupled
functions

Answer 50

Electron Transport Chain

Question 51

Use of protons to
phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Answer 51

Electron Transport Chain

Question 52

Meaning of NAD(P)+

Answer 52

Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (phosphate)

Question 53

-Provides reducing power
(hydrogen atoms) for biosynthetic
processes

Answer 53

NAD(P)+

Question 54

Three major pathways of Glucose Mtabolism

Answer 54

Hexose monophosphate (HMP, also called pentose phosphate),
Entner-Doudoroff: (ED), and
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP,
also called glycolysis)

Question 55

an
anaerobic pathway that
terminates with the production of
pyruvate

Answer 55

EMP(Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas)

Question 56

Called the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
cycle, Krebs cycle, or citric acid
cycle

Answer 56

TCA Cycl

Question 57

These intermediates are replaced
by anaplerotic reactions (Greek “to
fill up”)

Answer 57

Replenishing Intermediates

Question 58

Growth rate can actually
be limited by

Answer 58

CO2 availability

Question 59

occur by
using nitrate as a terminal electron
acceptor in the electron transport
chain

Answer 59

Anaerobic respiration