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CMSD6310 Audition l > Central Auditory System > Flashcards

Central Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Fill this table:

A
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2
Q

What does PSTH stand for?

A

Persitimulus time histogram or poststimulus time histogram

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3
Q

Fill in the graph as it relates to Bushy Cells

A
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4
Q

Fill in the graph as it relates to Octopus Cells

A
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5
Q

What is a major contributor to every level of signal processing in the CAS?

A

Inhibition

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5
Q

At which level is inhibition seen?

A

At the level of the SGN, but at the CN. (There is no inhibition in the cochlea)

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6
Q

Describe what is happening in this image where the triangle is the principle neuron?

A

The circle is the interneuron and the principle is the triangle. When that auditory nerve excites the interneuron, it causes the principal neuron to be inhibited. Therefore this is a mechanism to produce an onset response since the principal neuron will now stop firing after said onset response

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7
Q

What are the three ways to see the inhibitory response patterns?

A

PSTH, response area graph, rate/level function graph

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8
Q

Amongst the different response area graphs, which type shows no inhibition? Where do we see this type?

A

Type 1; ANF

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9
Q

Describe type II and type III’s response area graphs.

A

There is an excitatory area and inhibitory side bands. For type II even if it is questionable, they are assuming it may be there.

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10
Q

What is the difference between the type II and type III?

A

For the type II, there are no spontaneous AP’s but the type III do have them. Evidence of inhibition in type III is as a result of reduced spontaneous AP’s at those frequencies for those stimulus intensity levels. However, for type II, because there are no spontaneous AP’s, there are two parts to the evidence: first, a sound at the CF is applied so that the baseline AP’s are obtained (a sort of artificial way to get baseline activity) THEN another sound is applied in the gray areas (ie at those intensity and frequencies) to show that they are inhibited.

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10
Q

What are the two ‘aspects’ being measured for the rate-level function graph?

A

The firing rate and intensity. How the neurons’ firing rate is affected at different intensities. (When is it inhibited)

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11
Q

What are the two patterns for the rate-level function? Which ones are shown by the neurons in the CN in the auditory system?

A

Monotonic and non-monotonic. Monotonic is shown by the CN.

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12
Q

What do both the patterns indicate as it relates to inhibition?

A

More inhibition is at higher sound levels is shown with the non-monotonic pattern. Because there is a point that excitation occurs before changing to inhibition, this also acts as an evidence that there is an overlap between the two . For the monotonic pattern, it is more semblant of what we see for CN in the auditory system and they do not decrease. Therefore, there is no inhibition in the auditory nerve fibers (consistent with the type I response area graph)

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13
Q

What are the two inhibitory neurotransmitters and neurons?

A

Glycine and Gaba

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14
Q

How can you verify inhibition by these two neurotransmitters?

A

Apply a blocker to stop the activity of the glycine and GABA and compare the neural activity with and without this blocker. The difference would be from inhibition.

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15
Q

Where is the SOC located relative to the CN?

A

At the same level of the CN in the lower brainstem.

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16
Q

What are the three major nuclei in the SOC?

A

Lateral Superior Olive, Medial Superior Olive, medial nuclei of trapezoid body;

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17
Q

What hearing trait does the SOC help with? (2) First station for…

A
  • It is the first station for sound source localization.
  • The SOC is the first station where the binaural inputs merge so it allows for that comparison on the horizontal plane
18
Q

What are two examples of the binaural cues?

A

Interaural time difference and interaural level difference.

19
Q

Which cue is important for high frequency sounds? Which cue is important for low frequency sounds?

A

ITD for low frequency; ILD is for high frequency.

20
Q

Do large or small animals depend more on the interaural level difference? Why?

A

Small animals since their ears are too close together to depend on timing (too short a time difference)

21
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
22
Q

Where does the Calyx of Held synapse occur?

A

The AVCN input to the MNTB (contralaterally)

23
Q

What is the inhibitory pathway as it relates to the MNTB?

A

The output to the ipsilateral LSO and MSO is inhibitory

24
Q

How many subdivisions does the inferior colliculus have?

A

Three (the external cortex, the central nuclei (ICC), paracentral nuclei)

25
Q

Which part of the IC shows a clear tonotopic map?

A

The Central nucleus of the IC

26
Q

Where does the central nucleus get direct monaural innervation? (2)

A

VCN and DCN

27
Q

Where does the central nucleus part get indirect binaural innervation? (4)

A

AVCN- SOC- (LL)- IC

28
Q

Is the central nucleus contralaterally dominant or ipsilaterally dominant or the same?

A

Contralaterally dominant (so the central nucleus innervating the opposite side)

29
Q

For the inferior colliculus, what is the general direction of the frequency on its axis?

A

Tonotopic axis: Dorsal Low frequencies, Ventral High Frequencies

30
Q

How does the tonotopic axis compare to the cochlear nuclei?

A

Opposite frequency distribution- the cochlear nuclei is high on the dorsal side and low on the ventral side.

31
Q

How would you describe the location of the MGB?

A

Just below the thalamus

32
Q

What are the three major divisions of the MGB?

A

Ventral, dorsal and medial

33
Q

Which part of the MGB shows a clear tonotopic map?

A

Ventral

34
Q

What is the MGB and auditory cortex pathway?

A

Through the internal capsule at the posterior part.

35
Q

As per Broadman labelling, which part is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Area 41.

36
Q

Where is A1/Area 41 located?

A

Transversely oriented gyri of Heschl

37
Q

What area is the secondary auditory cortex located?

A

Area 42

38
Q

What is located at area 22?

A

Planum temporale.

39
Q

What is the connection called to integrate the two modalities of Wernicke and Broca?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

40
Q

What is area 42 called on the dominant side?

A

Wernicke’s area

41
Q

What kind of cortex is area 42?

A

Associative

42
Q

An IE pattern indicates that this neuron is:

A

Inhibited ipsilaterally and excited contralaterally

43
Q

In the MGB, a clear tonotopic map is seen in __________________

A

Ventral division

CMSD6310 Audition l (16 decks)

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