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CMSD6310 Audition l > Auditory Nerve ll > Flashcards

Auditory Nerve ll Flashcards

1
Q

What phase of the receptor potential does phase locking occur?

A

Depolarization

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2
Q

Which way is the stereocilia deflected during phase locking?

A

Laterally

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3
Q

Does a high frequency sound have a higher or shorter period?

A

Shorter period if higher frequency

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4
Q

What is Phase Locking?

A

Tendency for a neural action potential to occur at a certain phase of a pure-tone stimulus. Typically, an action potential will not occur on every cycle, but when it is generated, it tends to occur at the same point or phase in the stimulus. More generally, phase locking refers to the ability of a neuron to synchronize or follow the temporal structure of a sound.

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5
Q

In the auditory nerve, fibers can phase lock to ___________________________

A

Low frequencies

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6
Q

Apart from frequency, what else increases phase locking?

A

Intensity

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7
Q

What happens first when increasing the sound level: firing rate increase or phase locking?

A

When driven by periodical signal, ANF firing becomes phase locked.
Increasing sound level usually cause phase locking before significant increase in firing rate
Or, phase locking threshold is lower than the firing rate threshold and closer to absolute
threshold. from randomness to phase locking.

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8
Q

What does the fact that P Lock occurs before firing rate increase mean in terms of the threshold?

A

Phase locking threshold is lower than firing rate threshold and closer to the absolute threshold

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9
Q

Based on phase locking, what is the discrepancy between absolute and lower threshold? What does it help explain? (2)

A

The discrepancy is roughly 20dB.

This discrepancy is accounted for with phase locking since with the increasing of sound, the ANF phase can change their AP into the phase locking model.

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10
Q

How many dB is this discrepancy between the phase locking threshold and rate threshold?

A

Roughly 15-20 dB

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11
Q

What is the volley principle by Weber? (2)

A

Groups of neurons of the auditory system fire AP slightly out of phase in response to sound.

Their combined AP can encode higher frequencies

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12
Q

What is the difference in the volley principle example and real life? (4)

A
  • Volley principle improves phase locking.
  • Many neurons work together in real life, but in the experiment it was repeating the signal on one neuron
  • In real hearing, we do not need to repeat many times to generate phase locking
  • Volley principle is complimentary to the place theory for cochlear frequency analysis
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13
Q

What kind of signals does phase locking work for? (3)

A

Pure tone, complex, two tones etc

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14
Q

What are two characteristics of sound that the phase locking occurs to?

A

Envelope and fine structure

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15
Q

Overall what are the three main parameters coded by ANFs?

A

Intensity, frequency and temporal

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16
Q

Overall what are three mechanisms of coding?

A

Rate change (rate code)
Place code
Temporal code (phase locking)

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17
Q

Fill in the blanks for the afferent pathway:

A
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18
Q

Fill in the Blanks:

A
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19
Q

Which nuclei is the first to receive the bilateral center?

A

SOC is the first bilateral center

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20
Q

What are 4 key points for bilateral innervation? Start, inherited, dominance, both hemisphere?

A
  • Starting at SOC
  • Inherited at higher levels, and also more complicated over there
  • Contralaterally dominated
  • Asymmetric between both hemispheres:
    Language—left
    Music, spatial, logic—right
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21
Q

Explain the fact that bilateral innervation is contralaterally dominated.

A

Meaning that there is stronger innervation from/to the opposite side above CN.

22
Q

Do unilateral connections also exist?

A

Yes for example the CN receives unilateral projections

23
Q

What are the 6 major characteristics of higher level nuclei compared to lower level?

A
  • More complicated structures
  • Larger number of neurons
  • Multiple types of neurons (morphological and functional diversity)
  • More sophisticated signal processes (involving the interaction between excitation and inhibition, neural circuits)
  • Control to lower levels through efferent system
  • Interaction with other systems
24
Q

What kind of organization is high and low level nuclei ?

A

Hierarchy

25
Q

Which kind of dominance is there in the CAS?

A

Contralateral Dominance

26
Q

What is an example of integration?

A

Across neurons of the ANF the volley principle and coding of a signal

27
Q

What are four of the cell types?

A

(1-2) spherical cells and globular cells (bushy cells)
(2) octopus cells
(3) giant cells and pyramidal cells

28
Q

What are four of the cell types?

A

Spherical/globular bushy cells in AVCN and PVCN
Octopus cells in PVCN-P
Giant cells in the center of DCN
Pyramidal cells in the cap of DCN

29
Q

Where are the four cell types located? (3)

A

(1) spherical cells and globular cells (bushy cells) in AVCN and PVCN,
(2) octopus cells in PVCN,
(3) giant cells and pyramidal cells in DCN

30
Q

What does PSTH stand for?

A

Peristmulus histograms

31
Q

What is neuronal integration?

A

Complex process which describes how neurons integrate the receiving inputs from thousands of presynaptic neurons before the generation of a nerve impulse

32
Q

What are two reasons that there is a variation in PSTH patterns?

A

inhibition and membrane feature

33
Q

What is one way to verify one of the variation reasons in PSTH patterns?

A

To verify inhibition, neurotransmitter blocker should be used: if the blocker change the response pattern, the change is due to inhibition

34
Q

Which characteristic has a tonotopic map?

A

Inherited/enhanced in CAS from CN to AC

The frequency region used takes more of a larger size; in the cochlea it’s a fixed frequency distribution, but not in the auditory cortex

35
Q

What is the difference between tonotopic and topographic? (2)

A
  • Topographic organization in somatosensory system - brain
  • Tonotopic map in auditory system—exists in cochlea, and inherited/enhanced in CAS from CN to AC
36
Q

What is another name for a principle neuron?

A

Relay neurons

37
Q

What are characteristics of relay neurons? (3)

A
  • Receive input from and send output to outside nuclei
  • Input from lower level, output to higher level
  • Relay by synapse
38
Q

What is the function of relay neurons compared to the interneuron? (2)

A

Relay neurons:
Receive input from nuclei and send output to outside nuclei
Input from lower level, output to higher level
Relay by synapse

Interneurons: Making synapse inside the nucleus (locally)
Circuits around relay neurons

39
Q

Which one is responsible for the information pathway from low to higher level nuclei? (relay or interneurons)

A

Relay neurons

40
Q

What are two ways to describe neural projection as it goes to higher levels?

A

Relay and bypassing

41
Q

Give 3 examples of pathways that use relay and bypassing.

A
  1. Neuronal projection to one nucleus can be relayed by the principle neurons, and extended to a higher level nucleus
  2. In some nuclei, the projection may not be relayed but “bypass” or “go through” to project to the next nucleus. One example is SOC nuclei. Projection can go from CN to IC, by passing SOC and LL nuclei.
  3. In other nuclei, the projection must be relayed (with no exception). One example is CNs.
42
Q

List the ascending pathway in the following situations starting from the SGN and ending in the nuclei of the auditory cortex from relay and bypass: (4)

  • Nuclei where relay is a “must”: (3)
  • Shortest pathway: (2)
  • Longest pathway: (5)
  • Others: (3);(4)
A
  • Nuclei where relay is a “must”: CN, IC, MGB
  • Shortest pathway: CN directly to IC
  • Longest pathway: CN-MNTB-LSO-NLL-IC
  • Others: CN-SOC-IC; CN-SOC-NLL-IC
43
Q

In the shortest and longest pathways from the SGN to A1, how many NUCLEI are involved?

A

Shortest = 4
Longest = 7

44
Q

In the shortest and longest pathways from the SGN to A1, how many NEURONS are involved?

A

Shortest = 5
Longest = 8

45
Q

What are the three major divisions (map parts of the cochlea)?

A

dorsal, anterior ventral, posterior ventral

46
Q

What is general the direction for the tonotopic CF going from high to low frequency shifting?

A

Dorsal-ventral direction for high-to-low frequency shifting

47
Q

Which part of the CN is larger?

A

VCN

48
Q

Is the path from the 8th nerve to the CN bilateral or unilateral?

A

Unilateral

49
Q

Fill in the missing parts on the chart:

A
50
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the CN

A

DCN
AVCN
PVCN

51
Q

Give a quick summary of the innervation from the auditory nerve. (6)
High Frequency branches:
High Frequency in which location:
VCN vs. DCN size:
SGN projections to three different areas:
Laterality of 8th nerve to CN:
Obligatory relay from 8th nerve:

A
52
Q

Auditory coding mechanisms include: (3)

A

Rate code, place code, and phase locking

CMSD6310 Audition l (16 decks)

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