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ANAP 510 Lancaster qtr 3 > central and peripheral nervous systems > Flashcards

central and peripheral nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

extra- and intracellular SODIUM

A

140/14

shake the salt shaker 140 times but only 14 grains of salt came out

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2
Q

extra- and intracellular POTASSIUM

A

4/140

ate four bananas and got 140% of my daily potassium

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3
Q

extra- and intracellular CALCIUM

A

2.4/0.0001

even if you drank 2.4 glasses of milk a day, it’s still only 1/10,000 of how much a dairy cow can produce

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4
Q

extra- and intracellular MAGNESIUM

A

1.2/58

if you drank 1.2 bottles of mag citrate, you would have to go to the bathroom 58 times

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5
Q

extra- and intracellular CHLORIDE

A

103/4
chloride reminds me of chlorine and hot tubs, if you jumped into a hot tub that was 103* F it could give you 4th degree burns

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6
Q

extra- and intracellular PHOSPHATE

A

4/75
You’ve heard of adenosine triphosphate, but have you heard of adenosine QUADRUPLEphosphate?? It’s like supercharged ATP and has 75 calories in each phosphate bond.

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7
Q

extra- and intracellular GLUCOSE

A

90/0-20
Glucose makes me think of checking my patient’s blood sugar, and if it was 90 I would give them 0 units of insulin because that’s a perfect BG.

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8
Q

extra- and intracellular pO2 partial pressure OXYGEN

A

35-40/~20 mmHg

If you take 35 to 40 BIG breaths it could raise you oxygen sats about 20 percent.

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9
Q

extra- and intracellular pCO2 partial pressure CARBON DIOXIDE

A

40-45/~45-50 mmHg

Your carbon dioxide levels are highest if you hold your breath for 40-50 seconds.

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10
Q

extra- and intracellular AMINO ACIDS

A

30/200 mg/dL
Amino acids makes me think of protein which can be found in steaks, so if you ate 30 steaks a day you’d probably gain 200 pounds of muscle.

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11
Q

hyperK causes __polarization and makes the resting membrane potential __ negative
(because the extra- and intracellular K conc. are more similar than usual the rate of diffusion slows = slow depolarization, decreased amplitude, and rapid repolarization)

A

hyperK
hypo-polarization
less negative

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12
Q

hypoK causes __polarization and makes the resting membrane potential __ negative
(because the K gradient is increased, the rate of diffusion is fast. A larger than normal stimulus is needed, but once threshold is reached it will be a fast depolarization, and a slow repolarization)

A

hypoK
hyper-polarized
more negative

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13
Q

hypoCalcemia moves threshold __ the RMP, thus __ to open Na+ channels and __ to depolarize, results in irritability.

A

threshold CLOSER to RMP
EASIER to open Na+ channels
EASIER to depolarize

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14
Q

hyperCalcemia moves threshold __ the RMP, thus __ to open Na+ channels and __ to depolarize, results in a quiet, sleepy, slow, comatose, bradycardic patient.

A

threshold FURTHER from RMP
HARD to open Na+ channels
HARD to depolarize

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15
Q

__ pairs of cranial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves

A

12

31

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16
Q

two types of EFFERENT

A

somatic- muscle and motor

autonomic- unconscious (cardiac, GI)

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17
Q

two types of AUTONOMIC

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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18
Q

the nerve cell body has a __ nucleus, __ mitochondria, __ ribosomes, __ apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum to produce lots of ATP and neurotransmitters

A

large nucleus
many mitochondria
many ribosomes
golgi apparatus

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19
Q

what is special about dendrites?

A

very small number of voltage gated sodium channels, so conduct action potentials VERY POORLY, conduct via ELECTROTONIC CONDUCTION DIRECTLY THROUGH CYTOPLASM

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20
Q

how many axons can a cell have?

how many dendrites can a cell have?

A 
axons= one
dendrites = 0,1, or more
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21
Q

what is electrotonic conduction

A

conduction of an action potential directly through the cytoplasm

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22
Q

the larger the diameter of the nerve cell body, the __ resistance to electrical flow

A

less

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23
Q

what is special about axons?

A

LOTS of voltage gated sodium channels, rapidly conduct action potentials

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24
Q

schwann cells form myelin in the __, while oligodendrocytes form myelin in the __

A 
schwann = peripheral nervous system
oligodendrocytes = central nervous system
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25
Q

what is a collateral axon

A

an axon that divides off of a main axon

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26
Q

what is telopendria?

A

termination of an axon, the tip of which is the terminal button where neurotransmitters are released

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27
Q

are nodes of ranvier covered in myelin

A

nope, that’s why action potentials can leap, jump, dance, saltatory conduction from node to node

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28
Q

multipolar neurons have __ dendrite(s) and one axon, and can be found in the __, __, and __ motor fibers

A

many dendrites

brain, spinal cord, and somatic motor neurons

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29
Q

bipolar neurons have _ dendrite(s) and one axon, and can be found in the __ neurons, eg. cranial nerves __ and __

A

one dendrite

sensory neurons in cranial nerves one and two (olfactory and optic)

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30
Q

unipolar neurons have __ dendrite(s) and one axon, and are found in all __ neurons besides for CN 1 and 2

A

no dendrites
all sensory neurons except for CN 1 and 2

notability the impulse BYPASSES the cell body

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31
Q

__cytes, along with __ junctions, form the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

tight junctions

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32
Q

__ cells can be ciliated or non-ciliated, they line the __ in the brain and form the choroid plexus, and synthesize __ from plasma

A

ependymal cells
line the ventricles
make CSF

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33
Q

microglia are the resident __ in the brain, they eat up all the bad stuff including brain cells when they die

A

macrophages

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34
Q

___cytes form the myelin sheaths ONLY IN THE CNS, many projections from one cell body to cover multiple neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

schwann cells, AKA __cytes, form the myelin in the PNS, one schwann cell per neuron, covers about 1 mm of the neuron

A

neurolemmocytes

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36
Q

in the __, all axons are myelinated. In the __, some are myelinated and some are not.

A

CNS all myelinated

PNS some are, some aren’t

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37
Q

type A nerve fibers are __ myelinated, and alpha has the largest diameter, while delta are the smallest

A

all

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38
Q

type B fibers are myelinated and associated with __ function (B is for blood pressure)

A

autonomic preganglionic

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39
Q

type C fibers are __ myelinated, what are there functions

sympathetic POSTganglionic

A

NOT myelinated,

aChing (aching) pain, temperature C*, tiCkle, Crude touCh and pressure,

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40
Q

type A alpha α

A

proprioception, skeletal muscle motor

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41
Q

type A beta β

A

light suBtle touch, viBration, hair receptors

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42
Q

type A gamma γ

A

deep pressure and touch, muscle spindle motor, vibration, hair receptors

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43
Q

type A delta δ

A

rapiD speeDy pain, Damaging temps, Deep pressure and touch

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44
Q

nerves are bundles of __

A

fascicles

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45
Q

fascicles are bundles of __

A

axons

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46
Q

tracts are bundles of __, found in __ only, connect spinal cord to brain or vice versa and connect various parts of brain to each other

why is it white?

A

axons and their myelin sheaths
found in CNS white matter only

it’s white because it is myelinated

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47
Q

gray matter is found in the center of the __ and the outer portion of the __ , and is where the nerve cell bodies and their dendrites are, also where axons synapse with those dendrites

where does the grey come from?

A

spinal cord
brain

the grey comes from the lack of white myelin sheaths on the dendrites and the nerve cell bodies.

48
Q

white matter is found in the center of the __ and the outer portion of the __

A

brain

spinal cord

49
Q

a nucleus is a cluster of __ matter (nerve cells bodies and dendrites) distributed throughout the __ matter of the brain

A

cluster of grey

throughout the white

50
Q

spatial summation

A

two or more impulses arriving simultaneously from different sources

51
Q

temporal summation

A

two or more impulses arrive in succession one after another and have an additive effect

52
Q

combined spatial and temporal

A

obviously a combination of the two, impulses arriving from different sources AND in succession

53
Q

sensory is __

A

dorsal (your back)

54
Q

motor is __

A

ventral (your front) the motor is usually in the front of the car

55
Q

if a descending axon from the brain and a sensory neuron from the spinal cord combined together on their way to a motor neuron, that would be called __

A

convergence

56
Q

if a sensory neuron splits and one way goes to the brain and another way goes to the motor neuron, that would be called __

A

divergence

57
Q

from last quarter, review transport processes, and action potentials

A

ok

58
Q

there is only ONE nervous system, but it is divided into sections such as CNS, PNS.

A

THERE IS ONLY ONE NERVOUS SYSTEM

59
Q

notice how all parts of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) are enclosed within __

A

bone

60
Q

what is the basic structural component of the ENTIRE nervous system?

A

neuron

61
Q

what is another name for the neuron cell body?

A

soma

62
Q

why do you think there are so many mitochondria in a neuron cell body?

A

need lots of ATP via aerobic, they don’t function well anaerobically

63
Q

which is the nucleoplasm of the neuron cell body so rich in electrolytes?

A

so it can conduct action potentials, remember-water without any electrolytes is a poor conductor

64
Q

which way do dendrites conduct impulses?

A

toward the neuron cell body

test question

65
Q

axons are connected to the neuron cell body at the __

A

axon hillock

66
Q

why are impulses mostly conducted distally down the axon and not retrograde through the neuron cell body?

A

because the axon has lots of voltage gated sodium channels = great for conducting
the cell body has nucleoplams = not very good at conduction

67
Q

buttons, “butons”, pre-synaptic terminals

A

all refer to the same thing

where the neurotransmitter is released from

68
Q

how long are schwann cells?

how long are axons?

A

schwann 1 cm

axon 1 meter

69
Q

bare areas between myelin called nodes of __ and are the only places where action potentials can be propogated along the axon

A

ranvier

70
Q

would an unmyelinated axon have nodes of ranvier?

A

no, because nodes of ranvier are where one myelin meets another myelin

trick question

71
Q

the diameter (micrometers) and conduction velocity (m/sec) for type C fibers are the same, what are they?

A

0.5 - 2

72
Q

the diameter (micrometers) and conduction velocity (m/sec) for type A fibers are equal ratios 1:6, what are they?

A

diameter 1-20

velocity 6-120

73
Q

hair receptors are type A _, _, _

A

alpha, beta, gamma

74
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

part of the PNS, cluster of nerve cell bodies and associated dendrites, where axons synapse with those dendrites

75
Q

a ganglion in the PNS is comparable to a __ in the CNS

A

nucleus

76
Q

sequence of events - calcium dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitters
test question

A
  1. action potential opens voltage gated Ca++ channels
  2. Ca++ moves with gradient into presynaptic terminal
  3. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
  4. neurotransmitter binds with receptor site on postsynaptic membrane
  5. ligated-gated ion channels open
77
Q

how is acetylcholine released from the presynaptic terminal?

A

calcium-dependent exocytosis

78
Q

what removes ACH from the postsynaptic membrane?

What is ACH broken down into?

A

acetylchoninesterase

acetic acid and choline

choline pumped back into axoplasm where acetyl-CoA is broken down into CoA and acetyl which joins with the choline to form acetylcholine (ACH)

79
Q

how is norepi released into the cleft?

how is norepi removed back into the axoplasm?

A

calcium-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitters

pumped back in to the axoplasm by the reuptake pump, then MonoAmineOxidase metabolizes norepi down to inactive metabolites, that which is not metabolized is reused

80
Q

anything that causes the RMP to move closer to threshold is called an __postsynaptic membrane potential

A

excitatory

81
Q

anything that causes the RMP to move further from threshold is called an __postsynaptic membrane potential

A

inhibitory

82
Q

what is the major neurotransmitter throughout the brain and spinal cord?

A

acetylcholine

83
Q

What neurotransmitter is synthesized from choline and acetyl coA?

A

Acetylcholine

84
Q

where is acetylcholine stored?

A

stored with ATP in vesicles at the axon terminal (a little package of neurotransmitter all ready to be released)

85
Q

how is acetylcholine released?

A

calcium dependent exocytosis

86
Q

the receptors on the post synaptic membranes for acetylcholine are __ and __

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

87
Q

nicotinic 1

ligand gated sodium channels (fast)

A

neuromuscular

think muscles before BP

88
Q

nicotinic 2

ligand gated sodium channels (fast)

A

autonomic

BP after muscles

89
Q

muscarinic

coupled with g-protein and secondary messengers (long)

A

parasympathetic

90
Q

acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine into __ and __

A

acetic acid and choline

choline taken back up to form more ACH, acetic acid to liver for metabolism

91
Q

what is the major neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

norepi

92
Q

what is the major neurotransmitter for the nigrostriatal pathways

A

dopamine

93
Q

where is the ONLY place epi is synthesized?

A

adrenal medulla

94
Q

ALL catecholamines synthesized from the amino acid __

A

tyrosine

95
Q

how are catecholamines released into the synapse?

A

calcium dependent exocytosis

96
Q

how are the catecholamines removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

reuptake pump

if not reuptaken, MAO degrades epi/norepi into vanilla-mandela acid and dope into homo-vanilla acid

97
Q

where does serotonin work?

A

limbic and raphe

98
Q

how is serotonin made?

A

L-tryptophan -> 5-hydroxytryptophan -> serotonin -> eventually melatonin

99
Q

how is serotonin released?

A

calcium dependent exocytosis

OFTEN CO-RELEASED WITH OTHERS

100
Q

MOST serotonin receptors are __

A

inhibitory

101
Q

how is serotonin removed from the cleft?

A

reuptake pump, repackaged for reuse

SSRI’s inhibit this pump

102
Q

GABA is ALWAYS __

A

inhibitory

103
Q

where is GABA used? how is it released?

A

used throughout CNS and some PNS

calcium dependent exocytosis

104
Q

GABA A’s open __ resulting in hyperpolarization (inhibits nerve impulse transmission)

A

ligand gated chloride channels

105
Q

Benzo’s work on GABA _ receptors

A

A

106
Q

glutamate is always __

A

excitatory

107
Q

NMDA, QA, and KA are all receptors associated with __ that increase sodium inflow and excite membranes

A

glutamate

108
Q

which is the primary neurotransmitter for fast pain?

A

glutamate

type A delta

109
Q

substance P stands for __

how long does it occupy receptors for?

A

pain, long term chronic

prolonged effect

type C - substance P

110
Q

how is substance P released?

what are its receptors?

how is it inactivated?

A

calcium dependent exocytosis

receptors unidentified

autolysis of synaptic vesicles, enzymatic inactivation, not reabsorbed

111
Q

what are the three endogenous opioid peptides?

how are they released?

what are their receptors?

A

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

calcium dependent exocytosis

mu, kappa, delta

112
Q

what is the outcome of endogenous opioid peptides?

A

inhibition for a prolonged period of time (extended hyperpolarization)

113
Q

how are endogenous opioid peptides removed from their receptors?

A

autolysis and enzymatic inactivation

114
Q

Mu receptors are specific for __
Kappa receptors __
Delta receptors __

A

endorphins
dynorphins
enkephalins

end before enk, dy in the middle
MKD EDE

115
Q

endorphins, enkephalins, substance P

neurotransmitters or neuromodulators?

A

BOTH

ANAP 510 Lancaster qtr 3 (3 decks)

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