central and peripheral nervous systems Flashcards by John Meyers

extra- and intracellular SODIUM

140/14

shake the salt shaker 140 times but only 14 grains of salt came out

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extra- and intracellular POTASSIUM

4/140

ate four bananas and got 140% of my daily potassium

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extra- and intracellular CALCIUM

2.4/0.0001

even if you drank 2.4 glasses of milk a day, it’s still only 1/10,000 of how much a dairy cow can produce

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extra- and intracellular MAGNESIUM

1.2/58

if you drank 1.2 bottles of mag citrate, you would have to go to the bathroom 58 times

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extra- and intracellular CHLORIDE

103/4
chloride reminds me of chlorine and hot tubs, if you jumped into a hot tub that was 103* F it could give you 4th degree burns

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extra- and intracellular PHOSPHATE

4/75
You’ve heard of adenosine triphosphate, but have you heard of adenosine QUADRUPLEphosphate?? It’s like supercharged ATP and has 75 calories in each phosphate bond.

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extra- and intracellular GLUCOSE

90/0-20
Glucose makes me think of checking my patient’s blood sugar, and if it was 90 I would give them 0 units of insulin because that’s a perfect BG.

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extra- and intracellular pO2 partial pressure OXYGEN

35-40/~20 mmHg

If you take 35 to 40 BIG breaths it could raise you oxygen sats about 20 percent.

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extra- and intracellular pCO2 partial pressure CARBON DIOXIDE

40-45/~45-50 mmHg

Your carbon dioxide levels are highest if you hold your breath for 40-50 seconds.

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extra- and intracellular AMINO ACIDS

30/200 mg/dL
Amino acids makes me think of protein which can be found in steaks, so if you ate 30 steaks a day you’d probably gain 200 pounds of muscle.

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hyperK causes __polarization and makes the resting membrane potential __ negative
(because the extra- and intracellular K conc. are more similar than usual the rate of diffusion slows = slow depolarization, decreased amplitude, and rapid repolarization)

hyperK
hypo-polarization
less negative

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hypoK causes __polarization and makes the resting membrane potential __ negative
(because the K gradient is increased, the rate of diffusion is fast. A larger than normal stimulus is needed, but once threshold is reached it will be a fast depolarization, and a slow repolarization)

hypoK
hyper-polarized
more negative

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hypoCalcemia moves threshold __ the RMP, thus __ to open Na+ channels and __ to depolarize, results in irritability.

threshold CLOSER to RMP
EASIER to open Na+ channels
EASIER to depolarize

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hyperCalcemia moves threshold __ the RMP, thus __ to open Na+ channels and __ to depolarize, results in a quiet, sleepy, slow, comatose, bradycardic patient.

threshold FURTHER from RMP
HARD to open Na+ channels
HARD to depolarize

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__ pairs of cranial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves

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two types of EFFERENT

somatic- muscle and motor

autonomic- unconscious (cardiac, GI)

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two types of AUTONOMIC

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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the nerve cell body has a __ nucleus, __ mitochondria, __ ribosomes, __ apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum to produce lots of ATP and neurotransmitters

large nucleus
many mitochondria
many ribosomes
golgi apparatus

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what is special about dendrites?

very small number of voltage gated sodium channels, so conduct action potentials VERY POORLY, conduct via ELECTROTONIC CONDUCTION DIRECTLY THROUGH CYTOPLASM

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how many axons can a cell have?

how many dendrites can a cell have?

axons= one
dendrites = 0,1, or more

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what is electrotonic conduction

conduction of an action potential directly through the cytoplasm

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the larger the diameter of the nerve cell body, the __ resistance to electrical flow

less

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what is special about axons?

LOTS of voltage gated sodium channels, rapidly conduct action potentials

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schwann cells form myelin in the __, while oligodendrocytes form myelin in the __

schwann = peripheral nervous system
oligodendrocytes = central nervous system

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what is a collateral axon

an axon that divides off of a main axon

what is telopendria?

termination of an axon, the tip of which is the terminal button where neurotransmitters are released

are nodes of ranvier covered in myelin

nope, that's why action potentials can leap, jump, dance, saltatory conduction from node to node

multipolar neurons have __ dendrite(s) and one axon, and can be found in the __, __, and __ motor fibers

many dendrites | brain, spinal cord, and somatic motor neurons

bipolar neurons have _ dendrite(s) and one axon, and can be found in the __ neurons, eg. cranial nerves __ and __

one dendrite | sensory neurons in cranial nerves one and two (olfactory and optic)

unipolar neurons have __ dendrite(s) and one axon, and are found in all __ neurons besides for CN 1 and 2

no dendrites all sensory neurons except for CN 1 and 2 notability the impulse BYPASSES the cell body

__cytes, along with __ junctions, form the blood brain barrier

astrocytes | tight junctions

__ cells can be ciliated or non-ciliated, they line the __ in the brain and form the choroid plexus, and synthesize __ from plasma

ependymal cells line the ventricles make CSF

microglia are the resident __ in the brain, they eat up all the bad stuff including brain cells when they die

macrophages

___cytes form the myelin sheaths ONLY IN THE CNS, many projections from one cell body to cover multiple neurons

oligodendrocytes

schwann cells, AKA __cytes, form the myelin in the PNS, one schwann cell per neuron, covers about 1 mm of the neuron

neurolemmocytes

in the __, all axons are myelinated. In the __, some are myelinated and some are not.

CNS all myelinated | PNS some are, some aren't

type A nerve fibers are __ myelinated, and alpha has the largest diameter, while delta are the smallest

all

type B fibers are myelinated and associated with __ function (B is for blood pressure)

autonomic preganglionic

type C fibers are __ myelinated, what are there functions sympathetic POSTganglionic

NOT myelinated, | aChing (aching) pain, temperature C*, tiCkle, Crude touCh and pressure,

type A alpha α

proprioception, skeletal muscle motor

type A beta β

light suBtle touch, viBration, hair receptors

type A gamma γ

deep pressure and touch, muscle spindle motor, vibration, hair receptors

type A delta δ

rapiD speeDy pain, Damaging temps, Deep pressure and touch

nerves are bundles of __

fascicles

fascicles are bundles of __

axons

tracts are bundles of __, found in __ only, connect spinal cord to brain or vice versa and connect various parts of brain to each other why is it white?

axons and their myelin sheaths found in CNS white matter only it's white because it is myelinated

gray matter is found in the center of the __ and the outer portion of the __ , and is where the nerve cell bodies and their dendrites are, also where axons synapse with those dendrites where does the grey come from?

spinal cord brain the grey comes from the lack of white myelin sheaths on the dendrites and the nerve cell bodies.

white matter is found in the center of the __ and the outer portion of the __

brain | spinal cord

a nucleus is a cluster of __ matter (nerve cells bodies and dendrites) distributed throughout the __ matter of the brain

cluster of grey | throughout the white

spatial summation

two or more impulses arriving simultaneously from different sources

temporal summation

two or more impulses arrive in succession one after another and have an additive effect

combined spatial and temporal

obviously a combination of the two, impulses arriving from different sources AND in succession

sensory is __

dorsal (your back)

motor is __

ventral (your front) the motor is usually in the front of the car

if a descending axon from the brain and a sensory neuron from the spinal cord combined together on their way to a motor neuron, that would be called __

convergence

if a sensory neuron splits and one way goes to the brain and another way goes to the motor neuron, that would be called __

divergence

from last quarter, review transport processes, and action potentials

there is only ONE nervous system, but it is divided into sections such as CNS, PNS.

THERE IS ONLY ONE NERVOUS SYSTEM

notice how all parts of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) are enclosed within __

bone

what is the basic structural component of the ENTIRE nervous system?

neuron

what is another name for the neuron cell body?

soma

why do you think there are so many mitochondria in a neuron cell body?

need lots of ATP via aerobic, they don't function well anaerobically

which is the nucleoplasm of the neuron cell body so rich in electrolytes?

so it can conduct action potentials, remember-water without any electrolytes is a poor conductor

which way do dendrites conduct impulses?

toward the neuron cell body | test question

axons are connected to the neuron cell body at the __

axon hillock

why are impulses mostly conducted distally down the axon and not retrograde through the neuron cell body?

because the axon has lots of voltage gated sodium channels = great for conducting the cell body has nucleoplams = not very good at conduction

buttons, "butons", pre-synaptic terminals

all refer to the same thing where the neurotransmitter is released from

how long are schwann cells? | how long are axons?

schwann 1 cm | axon 1 meter

bare areas between myelin called nodes of __ and are the only places where action potentials can be propogated along the axon

ranvier

would an unmyelinated axon have nodes of ranvier?

no, because nodes of ranvier are where one myelin meets another myelin trick question

the diameter (micrometers) and conduction velocity (m/sec) for type C fibers are the same, what are they?

0.5 - 2

the diameter (micrometers) and conduction velocity (m/sec) for type A fibers are equal ratios 1:6, what are they?

diameter 1-20 | velocity 6-120

hair receptors are type A _, _, _

alpha, beta, gamma

what is a ganglion?

part of the PNS, cluster of nerve cell bodies and associated dendrites, where axons synapse with those dendrites

a ganglion in the PNS is comparable to a __ in the CNS

nucleus

sequence of events - calcium dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitters test question

1. action potential opens voltage gated Ca++ channels 2. Ca++ moves with gradient into presynaptic terminal 3. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 4. neurotransmitter binds with receptor site on postsynaptic membrane 5. ligated-gated ion channels open

how is acetylcholine released from the presynaptic terminal?

calcium-dependent exocytosis

what removes ACH from the postsynaptic membrane? What is ACH broken down into?

acetylchoninesterase acetic acid and choline choline pumped back into axoplasm where acetyl-CoA is broken down into CoA and acetyl which joins with the choline to form acetylcholine (ACH)

how is norepi released into the cleft? how is norepi removed back into the axoplasm?

calcium-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitters pumped back in to the axoplasm by the reuptake pump, then MonoAmineOxidase metabolizes norepi down to inactive metabolites, that which is not metabolized is reused

anything that causes the RMP to move closer to threshold is called an __postsynaptic membrane potential

excitatory

anything that causes the RMP to move further from threshold is called an __postsynaptic membrane potential

inhibitory

what is the major neurotransmitter throughout the brain and spinal cord?

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is synthesized from choline and acetyl coA?

Acetylcholine

where is acetylcholine stored?

stored with ATP in vesicles at the axon terminal (a little package of neurotransmitter all ready to be released)

how is acetylcholine released?

calcium dependent exocytosis

the receptors on the post synaptic membranes for acetylcholine are __ and __

nicotinic and muscarinic

nicotinic 1 ligand gated sodium channels (fast)

neuromuscular think muscles before BP

nicotinic 2 ligand gated sodium channels (fast)

autonomic BP after muscles

muscarinic coupled with g-protein and secondary messengers (long)

parasympathetic

acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine into __ and __

acetic acid and choline choline taken back up to form more ACH, acetic acid to liver for metabolism

what is the major neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

norepi

what is the major neurotransmitter for the nigrostriatal pathways

dopamine

where is the ONLY place epi is synthesized?

adrenal medulla

ALL catecholamines synthesized from the amino acid __

tyrosine

how are catecholamines released into the synapse?

calcium dependent exocytosis

how are the catecholamines removed from the synaptic cleft?

reuptake pump if not reuptaken, MAO degrades epi/norepi into vanilla-mandela acid and dope into homo-vanilla acid

where does serotonin work?

limbic and raphe

how is serotonin made?

L-tryptophan -> 5-hydroxytryptophan -> serotonin -> eventually melatonin

how is serotonin released?

calcium dependent exocytosis OFTEN CO-RELEASED WITH OTHERS

MOST serotonin receptors are __

inhibitory

how is serotonin removed from the cleft?

reuptake pump, repackaged for reuse SSRI's inhibit this pump

GABA is ALWAYS __

inhibitory

where is GABA used? how is it released?

used throughout CNS and some PNS calcium dependent exocytosis

GABA A's open __ resulting in hyperpolarization (inhibits nerve impulse transmission)

ligand gated chloride channels

Benzo's work on GABA _ receptors

glutamate is always __

excitatory

NMDA, QA, and KA are all receptors associated with __ that increase sodium inflow and excite membranes

glutamate

which is the primary neurotransmitter for fast pain?

glutamate type A delta

substance P stands for __ how long does it occupy receptors for?

pain, long term chronic prolonged effect type C - substance P

how is substance P released? what are its receptors? how is it inactivated?

calcium dependent exocytosis receptors unidentified autolysis of synaptic vesicles, enzymatic inactivation, not reabsorbed

what are the three endogenous opioid peptides? how are they released? what are their receptors?

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins calcium dependent exocytosis mu, kappa, delta

what is the outcome of endogenous opioid peptides?

inhibition for a prolonged period of time (extended hyperpolarization)

how are endogenous opioid peptides removed from their receptors?

autolysis and enzymatic inactivation

Mu receptors are specific for __ Kappa receptors __ Delta receptors __

endorphins dynorphins enkephalins end before enk, dy in the middle MKD EDE

endorphins, enkephalins, substance P neurotransmitters or neuromodulators?

BOTH