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history > Central America and Age of Exploration > Flashcards

Central America and Age of Exploration Flashcards

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1
Q

20,000 years ago, a land bridge between __ and __ called __ emerged. People travelled boat or walking (over ice)

A

Asia, North America, Beringia.

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2
Q

As people migrated, they began to settle down and rely more on __

A

plants

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3
Q

Agriculture was developed in present-day Central Mexico, where __ was grown

A

Maize (corn crop)

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4
Q

Early on, people were __, but as they started agriculture, people began to __

A

hunter-gatherers, settle down and start civilisations.

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5
Q

Starting civilisations allowed them to __ and led to the development of __

A

focus more on their skills; complex societies.

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6
Q

the __ were one of the first civilizations in __

A

Olmecs; Mesoamerica

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7
Q

the Olmecs were also known as the __

A

mother culture

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8
Q

Olmecs influenced: __ and __

A

Mayans and Aztecs

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9
Q

Olmecs location

A

southern coast of the gulf of mexico

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10
Q

what was the weather + location like in the olmecs’ region?

A

hot, humid, covered with swamps and jungles

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11
Q

some resources of the olmecs’ include–

A

tar, rubber, stone, wood.

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12
Q

what was the olmecs’ government

A

hereditary elite class, (judicial, military, religious)

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13
Q

what was the olmecs’ regligion

A

polytheistic

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14
Q

achievements of Olmecs

A
  • San Lorenzo, la Venta (major cities, art center)
  • calendar
  • hieroglyphic writing
  • urban design
    - planned ceremonial centers
  • art, sculptures
  • pyramids
  • jaguar motif (esp in art)
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15
Q

Olmecs decline?

A

poof

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16
Q

Olmecs date

A

1000 to 100bc

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17
Q

Mayan location

A

Yucatan peninsula to central America, includes Belize, guatemala, and el salvador

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18
Q

what was the government in the Mayans

A

independent city-states, with ruling chief

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19
Q

city states in the mayans

A

Tikal – palengue (temple of inscription (house of the crypt of the lord pacal?) + copan (central pyramid; largest glyph inscription on the stairway of the temple)
chicken itza –kukulcan (feathered serpent) + cenote sagrado (sacrificial well)
(ALSO HAS BUREAUCRACY NOBLES)

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20
Q

religion of mayans?

A

polytheistic

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21
Q

prime god of Mayans?

A

rain god chac

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22
Q

sun god of mayans

A

kinich ahau

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23
Q

mayans feathered serpent

A

kukulcan

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24
Q

achievements of the mayans

A

system of mathematics – concept of zero.
- predicted ellipses
- solar calendar
- almost accurate calculations of the year.
hieroglyphs
temples and pyramids
codex paper
- popol vuh – mayan myth on how the earth was created
irrigation techniques
cotton cloth

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25
Q

mayan decline?

A

poof. (famine, disease, revolts, warfare)

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26
Q

mayan date?

A

250 – 1000 ce

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27
Q

triple alliance (aztecs)?

A

texcoco, tlacopan, and teotihuacan (aztec capital)

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28
Q

aztec location?

A

near mexico city in the central valley of mexico

29
Q

aztec govt.

A

emperor chosen by nobles + priests to lead in war
nobles served as judges and governors
montezuma II was the ruler during aztecs peak and fall.
- demanded more tribute + sacrifice -> to rebellions from provinces
- he tried to lessen the demands but too late -> citizens saw more and more bad omens.

30
Q

aztec religion

A

polytheistic

31
Q

aztec sun god

A

huitzilopochiti

32
Q

why was the sun god important to the aztecs

A

light + sunrise; needed human blood as sacrifice, sun won’t rise

33
Q

aztecs acheivements

A

tenochtitlan is aztec capital
- texcoco - minor city
herbs and medicine
process of setting broken bones and treating cavities
steambaths
calendar
adobe (sun dried brick)
obsidian (weapons)
causeways (aka roadways)
aqueducts
temples, pyramids
chinampa (small artificial islands used for farming, aka, floating garden)
art, sun as main focus

34
Q

decline of aztecs:

A

spanish invaders (cortez) with gunpowder, smallpox
montezuma – weak; disliked due to his demands
natives aztecs sided w spanish

35
Q

incan empire date?

A

1400 - 1500 ad

36
Q

incan location

A

southern peru and andes mountains

37
Q

what were the incans united by?

A

quehua(language) + religion

38
Q

incan govt

A

ruled by a god-king who descended from the sun god w |power|, had total control of economy (regulated production + distribution of goods),

39
Q

why was the incan govt efficient?

A

was divided into small, manageable units.
incans would send priests to conquered regions to teach them incan language, religion, and assimilate them into incan life.

40
Q

who was the first Incan ruler who led the Incas to conquer Peru and to expand their territory.

A

Pachacuti – also created the first Incan empire

41
Q

incan religion

A

polytheistic; sun god most imp (Inti)

42
Q

incan achievements

A

cuzco – capital + religious center
- machu picchu,
surgery
- trepanation
- antiseptics
terrance farming –
public school systems
quechua –
iirrigation system
road systems
- chasquis
qollqas –
stone structures
quipus

43
Q

what was machu picchu used for?

A

mountaintop city that served as a shelter for the ruler during the winter (incan)

44
Q

what is trepanation?

A

(brain surgery w holes)

45
Q

what did they grow for terrance farming? (incan)

A

maize and potatoes

46
Q

what is quechua?

A

oral lang of incans

47
Q

road systesm were used to

A
  • transport military troops, trade, and mail systems
48
Q

chasquis aere?

A

were the mail runners who ran along the roads to transport communications (oral msgs)

49
Q

qollqas

A

storage buildings storing food (maize) for up to 7 years

50
Q

quipus?

A

records that store number info in knotted string, like wardeaths, births, birthdays etc

51
Q

decline of incans

A

spanish invaders (franciso pizarro) (wanted to spread catholicism)
had superior weaponary
bought diseases (led to civil war after ruler died of the diseases

52
Q

what was the 3 gs of exploration?

A
  • god (wanted to spread christianity + convert. also bc of their hatered towards muslims)
  • glory (wanted fame)
  • gold (gaining wealth for their home country. bc spices + resources from asia increased, but it was more expensive due to middlemen (they controlled trade), so they tried to find a sea route directly to asia to lessen the cost.)
53
Q

aztecs date?

A

1200 – 1500 ad

54
Q

incan date?

A

1400 - 1500 ad

55
Q

caravel?

A

study ship w triangle sails

56
Q

astrolabe

A

helped seamen determine their location @ sea w brasscircle w rings

57
Q

magnetic compass

A

allowed europeans to track direction, was a chinese invention

58
Q

printing press

A

allowed maps to be mass produced

59
Q

xartographers

A

peoplle who make graphs

60
Q

treaty of tordesillas

A

a vretical line in atlantic (aka line of demarcation)
land east of line – portugal
land west of line – spain
portugal complained that spain got more land, so the line was moved a bit to the west, giving portugal a bit of brazil.

61
Q

prince henry the navigator

A

first european navigation school (taught captains, scientists, shipbuilders, instrument makers, cartographers, sailors)
interest in exploration – conquered a city in morth africa
– designed ships + sent explorers to africa (trading posts were created)
– after africa it was asia

62
Q

alvise de cadamosto

A

sailed south along west coast of africa to the gambia river in senegal

63
Q

bartholomeu dias

A

attempt to asia, travelled west coast of africa to southernmost tip of africa. first to get there. named tip cape of storms (bc of storms)
portugal king didnt like name – changed to cape of good hope

64
Q

vasco da gama

A

4 ship[s from lisbon, portugal around cape of good hope to eastern africa. got to mozambique, malindi, and calicut.
^ they didnt like him cause hes christian

65
Q

amerigo vespucci

A

italian born – explored new world along coast of south america, realised it was not india but new continenet.

66
Q

pedro alvanarez cabral

A

got to brazil and claimed it for portugal by accident

67
Q

admiral alfonso de albuquerque

A

SAILED AROUND CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND BECAME governor controlled trade in east indies

68
Q
A

history (3 decks)

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