celullar pathology

Question 1

define metaplasia with example

Answer 1

reversible change where one adult cell type replaced by another eg barret’s oesophagus squamous to columnar

Question 2

define dysplasia and features

Answer 2

abnormal growth where some features of MALIGNANCY present- pre invasive but basement membrane INTACT, thus NOT invasive

increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, large hyperchromatic (dark) nuclei, abnormal mitoses, and arranged differently (architectural orientation)

Question 3

where is dysplasia common

Answer 3

cervix (HPV), bronchus (due to smoking), stomach (pernicious anaemia) and oesophagus (acid reflux)

Question 4

types of dysplasia

Answer 4

low grade vs high grade (less likely to be reversible)

Question 5

neoplasia/tumour

Answer 5

abnormal proliferation of cells- not normal growth

Question 6

benign vs malignant

Answer 6

DONT INVADE/METASTASISE

encapsulatd ie capsule around it so easy to remove

well differentiated ie look like tissue they were derived from, so NO high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

slow growing

normal mitoses

Question 7

benign tumours not fatal unless..

Answer 7

not fatal unless in dangerous place eg in meninges or secretes sth dangerous eg insulinoma, or gets infected eg bladder, so bleeds eg stomach

Question 8

define metastasis and what makes it worse

Answer 8

growing colony of tumour cells which break off from primary tumour and go to somewhere else via blood/lymph nodes

lymph node involving has worse prognosis

Question 9

what is papilloma

Answer 9

benign tumour of surface epithelium eg skin

Question 10

adenoma define

Answer 10

benign tumour of glandular epithelium eg stomach

Question 11

define carcinoma and types

Answer 11

malignant tumour derived from epithelium eg squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell eg bladder

Question 12

types of benign soft tissue tumours

Answer 12

of bone= osteoma

of fat= lipoma

of smooth muscle= leiomyomas

Question 13

sarcoma and examples

Answer 13

malignant tumout from connective tissue eg osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma

rhabdomyosarcoma (striated muscle), leiomyosarcoma (smooth), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (nerve sheath)

Question 14

define leukaemia

Answer 14

malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells

Question 15

define lymphoma

Answer 15

malignant tumour of lymphocytes in lymph nodes

Question 16

define teratoma and derivation

Answer 16

tumour derived from germ cells, which can develop into anything eg hair WITHIN skin

derived from any of 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) ie all cells come from these 3 layers

Question 17

gonadal teratomas

Answer 17

all malignant in males, usually benign in females

Question 18

define hamartoma and who common in

Answer 18

localised overgrowth of cells of an organ- look normal, but are arranged abnormally

common in children

Question 19

what determines differentiation of tumours and grading systems

Answer 19

if production of keratin/mucin/bile/hormones, indicates good differentiation

various grading systems

Question 20

define anaplastic

Answer 20

no differentiation- malignant and no idea where it is from

Question 21

TNM system and what more important

Answer 21

grade is degree of differentiation eg is it very dark ie high nuclear:cytoplasmic ration, stage is how far it’s spread/how big it is

stage more important for prognosis