CELS 191 Lecture 2 Flashcards
what do 2 or more building blocks combine to make (amino acids, nucleobases, simple carbohydrates, glycerol, fatty acids. hydrocarbon rings)
a macromolecule (proteins, DNA, RNA, complex carbohydrates, lipids)
what do 2 or more macromolecules combine to make (proteins, DNA, RNA, complex carbohydrates, lipids)
supramolecular assemblies (membranes, ribosomes, chromatin)
what do 2 or more supramolecular molecules combine to make (membranes, ribosomes, chromatin)
organelles (nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi, ER)
what is a macromolecule
an organic biological molecule that is necessary for life
what is the structure of a macromolecule
they are composed of building blocks or monomers that are joined by covalent bonds (chemically strong) bonds in a linear (polymeric) fashion.
what is a macromolecule that is composed of building blocks that are arranged in a non-polymeric fashion
a lipid
what four macromolecules compose most life
lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins
what are the four levels of carbohydrates (saccharides)
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
what types of carbohydrates are considered simple and complex
simple - mono and disaccharides
complex - oligo and polysaccharides
what are the types of mono saccharide and what are they used to make
hexose - used to make complex carbohydrates
pentose - used to make larger molecules like DNA
what is a polysaccharide
many monosaccharides linked together - therefore carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides
polysaccharides can be composed of different types of monosaccharides which can change their structure. what else can change their structure
different chemical bonds can give them different arrangements and therefore different functions
what are the functions of carbohydrates
recognition - of antibodies, viruses etc as well as cell to cell communication
energy - the type of bond between monomers can be used to store energy
structure - cellulose fibres in plants provide support for the plant
how is the structure of DNA and RNA different
the ribose sugar - in RNA the second carbon has an OH group as opposed to DNA where the second carbon has an H atom. also DNA uses Thymine whereas RNA uses uracil
what are proteins
macromolecules composed of amino acids that perform various functions throughout cells
how are lipids classified
on their hydrophobicity -
the more hydrophobic they are the more they repel water. lipids are not polymers
what are the functions of lipids
structural - for example phospholipids in the plasma membrane
regulatory - for example steroid and hormones
energy - you get more energy from fat than carbohydrates because fats contain more carbon atoms
