Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Flashcards
1
Q
What does ADP stand for?
A
Adenosine Diphosphate
2
Q
What does ATP stand for?
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
3
Q
How many phosphate groups are present in ATP?
A
Three phosphate groups
4
Q
How many phosphate groups are present in ADP?
A
Two phosphate groups
5
Q
What is the main function of ATP in cells?
A
Energy currency of the cell
6
Q
Fill in the blank: ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and _______.
A
three phosphate groups
7
Q
What is the difference between ATP and ADP in terms of phosphate groups?
A
ATP has one more phosphate group than ADP
8
Q
True or False: ADP can be converted to ATP by adding a phosphate group.
A
True
9
Q
What type of bond is broken to release energy from ATP?
A
Phosphate bond
10
Q
draw and label ATP & ADP
A
Adenine, ribose, phosphate groups (3 for ATP) (2 for ADP)
11
Q
What are the two types of environments in which cells can live?
A
Aerobic and Anaerobic
12
Q
Define Anaerobic environments.
A
Environments that lack oxygen (O2)
13
Q
Define Aerobic environments.
A
Environments that contain oxygen (O2)
14
Q
What is the primary requirement for Aerobic cellular respiration?
A
Oxygen
15
Q
Where does Aerobic cellular respiration occur?
A
In the mitochondria
16
Q
What is produced in large amounts during Aerobic cellular respiration?
A
ATP
17
Q
What environment does Fermentation happen in?
A
Occurs when oxygen is not present
18
Q
Where does Fermentation occur in the cell?
A
In the cytoplasm
19
Q
How much ATP is produced during Fermentation?
A
A tiny amount
20
Q
What do both plant and animal cells use to recharge ADP?
A
Mitochondria
21
Q
What are the initial reactants required for Aerobic cellular respiration?
A
Oxygen and glucose
22
Q
What are the end products of Aerobic cellular respiration?
A
CO2, water, and ATP Energy
23
Q
List the three main stages of Aerobic cellular respiration.
A
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
24
Q
What is the equation for Aerobic cellular respiration?
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy
25
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm of a cell
## Footnote
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.
26
What are the reactants of glycolysis?
C6H12O6
## Footnote
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for glucose.
27
What does glycolysis break glucose into?
Two 3-carbon molecules
## Footnote
These molecules are also known as pyruvate.
28
What are the products of glycolysis?
Two 3-carbon molecules, ATP, and NADH
## Footnote
ATP serves as energy currency, while NADH is an electron carrier.
29
What happens to the 3-carbon molecules after glycolysis?
Sent to the next stage
## Footnote
The next stage is the Kreb's Cycle.
30
Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?
Inside the mitochondria
## Footnote
The Kreb's Cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle.
31
What are the reactants of the Kreb's Cycle?
The 3-carbon molecules from glycolysis
## Footnote
These molecules are converted to release energy.
32
What does the Kreb's Cycle remove from the 3-carbon molecules?
All the electron and hydrogen atoms
## Footnote
This process helps in energy extraction.
33
What gas is released during the Kreb's Cycle?
CO2
## Footnote
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration.
34
What are the products of the Kreb's Cycle?
CO2, ATP, and NADH
## Footnote
NADH produced here also enters the Electron Transport Chain.
35
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
In the mitochondria
## Footnote
The Electron Transport Chain is the final stage of cellular respiration.
36
What are the reactants of the Electron Transport Chain?
NADH and oxygen
## Footnote
Oxygen is essential for the process to occur.
37
What does NADH release during the Electron Transport Chain?
Hydrogens and electrons
## Footnote
These are crucial for ATP production.
38
What does oxygen do in the Electron Transport Chain?
Collects hydrogens and electrons to make water
## Footnote
This process is essential for maintaining the flow of electrons.
39
How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule in the Electron Transport Chain?
32-34 ATP
## Footnote
This is the highest yield of ATP in cellular respiration.
40
Fill in the blank: Glycolysis breaks glucose in half, producing _______.
[two 3-carbon molecules]
## Footnote
These molecules are essential for the next steps.
41
How is ADP recharged into ATP?
Cellular respiration recharges ADP into ATP by adding a phosphate group.
## Footnote
This process occurs during the electron transport chain.
42
Differentiate between ADP and ATP.
ADP has two phosphate groups, while ATP has three phosphate groups.
## Footnote
ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
43
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
## Footnote
It occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
44
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert glucose into ATP, releasing energy.
## Footnote
It occurs in all living organisms.
45
Where does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis occur?
The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
## Footnote
These reactions require light to produce ATP and NADPH.
46
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
## Footnote
It uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
47
Where does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
## Footnote
It is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
48
What are the equations for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
## Footnote
This equation summarizes the overall process of photosynthesis.
49
What are the equations for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
## Footnote
This equation summarizes the overall process of cellular respiration.
50
What are the stages of photosynthesis?
The stages of photosynthesis include light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle.
## Footnote
Each stage has specific reactants and products.
51
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain.
## Footnote
Each stage has specific reactants and products.
52
How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll absorbs light, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths, and reflects green light.
## Footnote
This absorption is essential for converting light energy into chemical energy.
53
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Factors include:
* Light intensity
* Light distance
* Light color
* Temperature
* Carbon dioxide supply
* Water supply
## Footnote
Each factor can influence the efficiency of photosynthesis.
54
What is the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide; lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.
## Footnote
Both are anaerobic processes.
55
What types of cells undergo alcohol fermentation?
Yeast and some bacteria can undergo alcohol fermentation.
## Footnote
This process is used in brewing and baking.
56
What types of cells undergo lactic acid fermentation?
Animal cells, including muscle cells, and some bacteria undergo lactic acid fermentation.
## Footnote
This process occurs during intense exercise when oxygen is low.
57
What determines whether a cell undergoes aerobic respiration or fermentation?
The availability of oxygen determines whether a cell undergoes aerobic respiration or fermentation.
## Footnote
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while fermentation occurs in its absence.
58
What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, producing ATP through the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain.
## Footnote
They are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell.
59
What is the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy.
## Footnote
They contain chlorophyll and other pigments necessary for this process.
60
What are the three main events of photosynthesis?
1. Light is absorbed
2. Light energy is converted into usable cellular energy (ATP)
3. The ATP is used to store energy in the bonds of sugars (chemical energy)
## Footnote
These events summarize the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.
61
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
1. Light-dependent reaction
2. Calvin Cycle
## Footnote
These stages represent the two phases of photosynthesis where light energy is harnessed and then used to synthesize sugar.
62
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
On thylakoids inside the chloroplast
## Footnote
Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures within chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.
63
What are the reactants of the light-dependent reactions?
* Sunlight
* Water
## Footnote
These reactants are essential for capturing and converting light energy.
64
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Captures the sun's light energy
## Footnote
Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a critical role in absorbing light energy.
65
What happens to water molecules during light-dependent reactions?
They are split into hydrogens, electrons, and oxygen, with oxygen released into the atmosphere
## Footnote
This process is known as photolysis.
66
What are the products of light-dependent reactions?
* O2
* NADPH
* ATP
## Footnote
These products are essential for the subsequent Calvin Cycle.
67
What is the function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
Transports hydrogens and electrons
## Footnote
NADPH is a crucial energy-carrying molecule produced in the light-dependent reactions.
68
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
In the stroma of the chloroplast
## Footnote
The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids.
69
What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle?
* CO2
* NADPH
* ATP
## Footnote
These reactants are utilized to synthesize glucose.
70
What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle?
Glucose
## Footnote
Glucose serves as an energy source for the plant.
71
What happens to NADP+ during the Calvin Cycle?
It is sent back to the light-dependent reactions to be recharged
## Footnote
This recycling is essential for maintaining the flow of energy.
72
What factors can slow the rate of photosynthesis?
* Low rainfall
* Temperature below 0°C
* Temperature above 35°C
## Footnote
These factors can inhibit both the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle.
73
What prevents the Calvin Cycle from occurring?
Low CO2 supply
## Footnote
A lack of carbon dioxide limits the ability of plants to synthesize glucose.
