Cellular Respiration

Question 1

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

how heterotrophs get useable energy (ATP) from the food eaten, and a series of redox reactions

Question 2

two types of cellular respiration

Answer 2

aerobic (w/ oxygen) and anaerobic (w/o oxygen)

Question 3

oxidation

Answer 3

redox reaction that loses electrons LEO

Question 4

reduction

Answer 4

redox reaction that gains electrons GER

Question 5

what is the ultimate driving force for the recharging of ATP?

Answer 5

electrons

Question 6

what are the reactants in cellular respiration?

Answer 6

sugar (glucose) C6H12O6 and oxygen 6O2

Question 7

where is energy stored?

Answer 7

the bonds that hold the atoms together

Question 8

what happens if a bond is broken?

Answer 8

energy is released

Question 9

does ATP or ADP store more energy?

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

what is ATP used for ?

Answer 10

work

Question 11

when we eat food we are adding energy to

Answer 11

ADP

Question 12

what are the electron carriers?

Answer 12

NAD and FAD w/o electrons, NADH and FADH2 w/ electrons

Question 13

what do the electron carriers do?

Answer 13

pick up electrons in the first two stages of cellular respiration and dump them off at the final stage where electrons can be used to generate more ATP

Question 14

stages of cellular respiration

Answer 14

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Question 15

goal of glycolysis

Answer 15

to break apart glucose (into pyruvate)

Question 16

how many carbons does glucose have?

Answer 16

6

Question 17

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 17

in the cytoplasm

Question 18

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

Answer 18

+2, because it loses 2 then adds 4

Question 19

where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Answer 19

in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 20

in the Krebs cycle, what does the pyruvate turn into?

Answer 20

acetyl coA, by removing a carbon in the form of CO2

Question 21

where does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 21

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

how are electrons passed in electron transport chain?

Answer 22

electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from protein to protein in the mitochondrial membrane

Question 23

what is the final electron acceptor in ETC?

Answer 23

oxygen

Question 24

what happens in the final electron acceptor in ETC?

Answer 24

oxygen accepts the electrons and it combines with the hydrogen to form water

Question 25

how many ATP per glucose are created in ETC?

Answer 25

32 ATP per glucose molecule

Question 26

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 26

electron transport chain combines with chemiosmosis to create 32 ATP per glucose

Question 27

what happens during ETC in the ATP synthase?

Answer 27

ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to turn ADP into ATP

Question 28

what are the products in cellular respiration?

Answer 28

carbon dioxide 6CO2, water 6H20, and useable energy ATP

Question 29

cellular respiration reactants: what happens to the glucose?

Answer 29

initial breakdown during glycolysis and then further in the Krebs Cycle

Question 30

cellular respiration reactants: what happens to the oxygen?

Answer 30

it is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Question 31

cellular respiration products: where did the carbon dioxide come from?

Answer 31

it is produced just before and during the Krebs Cycle

Question 32

cellular respiration products: where did the water come from?

Answer 32

it is produced at the end of the ETC when electrons and hydrogen combine with oxygen

Question 33

cellular respiration products: what happens to the ATP?

Answer 33

``` 2 in glycolysis 2 in Krebs Cycle +32 in ETC ______________ 36 ATP per glucose molecule ```

Question 34

what is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 34

the process in which cells can obtain energy without oxygen

Question 35

what does the common anaerobic process of fermentation result in?

Answer 35

the formation of far fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration

Question 36

what are the two primary types of fermentation?

Answer 36

lactic acid and alcohol

Question 37

when does lactic acid fermentation occur?

Answer 37

when oxygen is not available

Question 38

example of lactic acid fermentation

Answer 38

during rapid, vigorous exercise muscle cells may be depleted of oxygen, so they switch from respiration to fermentation

Question 39

what happens during lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 39

the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis each gain a hydrogen from NADH, the new hydrogens turn the pyruvate into lactic acid and energy is released (used to form ATP)

Question 40

what process does lactic acid fermentation replace and why?

Answer 40

aerobic respiration, so the cell has a continuous energy source even without oxygen, but it is only temporary, the cell needs oxygen for sustained activity

Question 41

how does lactic acid fermentation take place during vigorous exercise?

Answer 41

lactic acid builds up in muscle tissue, and you breathe in oxygen to replenish the oxygen in your muscles

Question 42

where does alcohol fermentation take place?

Answer 42

in yeasts and some bacteria

Question 43

what happens during alcohol fermentation?

Answer 43

the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide is released (which is used to form ATP)

Question 44

what does alcohol fermentation produce?

Answer 44

the pyruvate made during glycolysis loses another carbon, making carbon dioxide. the two sets of carbon left each gain a hydrogen from NADH, and turns the two carbon chains into ethyl alcohol

Question 45

where is fermentation often used?

Answer 45

in food production such as yogurt, cheese, bread, beer, sauerkraut, soy sauce, vinegar, olives, wine, malt