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Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

how heterotrophs get useable energy (ATP) from the food eaten, and a series of redox reactions

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2
Q

two types of cellular respiration

A

aerobic (w/ oxygen) and anaerobic (w/o oxygen)

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3
Q

oxidation

A

redox reaction that loses electrons LEO

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4
Q

reduction

A

redox reaction that gains electrons GER

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5
Q

what is the ultimate driving force for the recharging of ATP?

A

electrons

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6
Q

what are the reactants in cellular respiration?

A

sugar (glucose) C6H12O6 and oxygen 6O2

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7
Q

where is energy stored?

A

the bonds that hold the atoms together

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8
Q

what happens if a bond is broken?

A

energy is released

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9
Q

does ATP or ADP store more energy?

A

ATP

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10
Q

what is ATP used for ?

A

work

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11
Q

when we eat food we are adding energy to

A

ADP

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12
Q

what are the electron carriers?

A

NAD and FAD w/o electrons, NADH and FADH2 w/ electrons

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13
Q

what do the electron carriers do?

A

pick up electrons in the first two stages of cellular respiration and dump them off at the final stage where electrons can be used to generate more ATP

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14
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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15
Q

goal of glycolysis

A

to break apart glucose (into pyruvate)

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16
Q

how many carbons does glucose have?

A

6

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17
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

+2, because it loses 2 then adds 4

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19
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

20
Q

in the Krebs cycle, what does the pyruvate turn into?

A

acetyl coA, by removing a carbon in the form of CO2

21
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

how are electrons passed in electron transport chain?

A

electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from protein to protein in the mitochondrial membrane

23
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in ETC?

A

oxygen

24
Q

what happens in the final electron acceptor in ETC?

A

oxygen accepts the electrons and it combines with the hydrogen to form water

25
Q

how many ATP per glucose are created in ETC?

A

32 ATP per glucose molecule

26
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain combines with chemiosmosis to create 32 ATP per glucose

27
Q

what happens during ETC in the ATP synthase?

A

ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to turn ADP into ATP

28
Q

what are the products in cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide 6CO2, water 6H20, and useable energy ATP

29
Q

cellular respiration reactants: what happens to the glucose?

A

initial breakdown during glycolysis and then further in the Krebs Cycle

30
Q

cellular respiration reactants: what happens to the oxygen?

A

it is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

31
Q

cellular respiration products: where did the carbon dioxide come from?

A

it is produced just before and during the Krebs Cycle

32
Q

cellular respiration products: where did the water come from?

A

it is produced at the end of the ETC when electrons and hydrogen combine with oxygen

33
Q

cellular respiration products: what happens to the ATP?

A 
2 in glycolysis
  2 in Krebs Cycle
\+32 in ETC
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
36 ATP per glucose molecule
34
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

the process in which cells can obtain energy without oxygen

35
Q

what does the common anaerobic process of fermentation result in?

A

the formation of far fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration

36
Q

what are the two primary types of fermentation?

A

lactic acid and alcohol

37
Q

when does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

when oxygen is not available

38
Q

example of lactic acid fermentation

A

during rapid, vigorous exercise muscle cells may be depleted of oxygen, so they switch from respiration to fermentation

39
Q

what happens during lactic acid fermentation?

A

the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis each gain a hydrogen from NADH, the new hydrogens turn the pyruvate into lactic acid and energy is released (used to form ATP)

40
Q

what process does lactic acid fermentation replace and why?

A

aerobic respiration, so the cell has a continuous energy source even without oxygen, but it is only temporary, the cell needs oxygen for sustained activity

41
Q

how does lactic acid fermentation take place during vigorous exercise?

A

lactic acid builds up in muscle tissue, and you breathe in oxygen to replenish the oxygen in your muscles

42
Q

where does alcohol fermentation take place?

A

in yeasts and some bacteria

43
Q

what happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide is released (which is used to form ATP)

44
Q

what does alcohol fermentation produce?

A

the pyruvate made during glycolysis loses another carbon, making carbon dioxide. the two sets of carbon left each gain a hydrogen from NADH, and turns the two carbon chains into ethyl alcohol

45
Q

where is fermentation often used?

A

in food production such as yogurt, cheese, bread, beer, sauerkraut, soy sauce, vinegar, olives, wine, malt

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