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Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

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2
Q

What is catabolism and what does it release in the process

A

Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism, releasing energy in the process.

that energy can be used for movement, digestion and etc.

ex; when your body breaks down glucose for energy, its a catabolic reaction.

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3
Q

What is anabolism, what does it require, and what is it essential for

A

Anabolism is the building up aspect of Metabolism, which usually requires energy.

This process is essential for growth, repair of tissues, and the storage of energy.

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4
Q

The three nutrients that are used as energy sources can be broken down into smaller molecules such as?

A

Glucose, Amino Acids, Fatty acids and Glycerol

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5
Q

What does cellular respiration do?

A

It’s where cells derive energy from glucose

Oxides glucose to produce co2

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6
Q

What is reduction and what is oxidization

A

Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons

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7
Q

What does photosynthesis reduce co2 to?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

What does an aerobic process require?

A

O2,
CO2,

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9
Q

What are the 3 pathways of energy release?

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration, Anaerobic Cellular Respiration, Fermentation

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10
Q

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration and where does it occur

A

Requires Oxygen (O2) to produce ATP

Occurs in living organisms

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11
Q

What is Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

It generates less ? But is faster then ?

What are the common final electron acceptors?

Where does it occur

A

Doesn’t need oxygen (o2) to produce ATP (different final electron acceptor, not oxygen)

less ATP but faster then aerobic respiration

Common final electron acceptors = nitrate, sulfate, sulfur

Occurs in Organisms that live in anoxic (no oxygen) environments

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12
Q

What is fermentation?
How’s the process?
Does it have an ETC, electrochemical gradient, or a krebs cycle

A

Doesn’t require O2 to produce ATP

Has a different process then anaerobic cellular respiration

Has no etc, no electrochemical gradient, no kreb’s cycle.

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13
Q

What is energy banked as?

A

ATP

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14
Q

Information on the Glycosis.

Where is it located?
What input is needed
What output is gained?

A

Located in the cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria)

It needs 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ , to make
2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net 2 ATP produced)

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15
Q

What’s the formula for Glucose

A

C6, H12, O6

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16
Q

What is oxidiation

A

The loss of an electron

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17
Q

What is reduction

A

The gain of an electron

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18
Q

Information on the Transition Reaction

Where is it located?
What input is needed?
what output is gained?

A

(Pyruvate Oxidation into Acetyl-CoA)

Located in the Mitochondrial Matrix
It needs 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme to make 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

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19
Q

Why are there 2 of each product and reactant in the Transition Reaction? Also Kreb Cycle

A

The citric acid cycle goes around twice for each molecule of glucose that enters cellular respiration because there are two pyruvates—and thus, two acetyl ‍ s—made per glucose.

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20
Q

Where is the Kreb Cycle Located
What’s the input
Whats the output?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix
Input: 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + Pi
Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

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21
Q

What’s the point of the Kreb Cycle?

A

Make high energy electrons go to the electron transport chain = ATP (energy) via chemiosis

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22
Q

What are high energy electron carriers?

A

NADH & FADH2

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23
Q

Glucose = ?

A

High - Energy Sugar

24
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Step 1:

A

Acetyl CoA (2 carbons) is converted to citric acid (6 carbons) by joining with oxaloacetate(4 carbons)

25
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Step 2 :

A

Cyclic series of oxidation reactions that produce:
1 ATP
2 Co2
3 NADH
1 FADH2

26
Q

Where is the Electron Transport Chain

A

Inner Mitochondrial Matrix

27
Q

What is the input required and output gained of the Electron Transport Chain.

A

Input: 8-10 NADH, 2-4 FADH, 6O2, 32-34 ATP + Pi
Output: 8-10 NAD+, 2-4 FAD, 6H2O, 32-34 ATP

28
Q

What does the Electron Transport Chain produce large amounts of and what are the aerobic conditions?

A

32-34

29
Q

Aerobic meaning?

A

the condition of living organisms surviving only in the presence of molecular oxygen

30
Q

Anaerobic meaning

A

the condition of organisms that can survive without oxygen

31
Q

Where do protein complexes accept electrons from? and what are examples of those?

A

High energy electron carriers
NADH which go to complex I
FADH2 goes to complex II

32
Q

How is the Cellular Respiration ETC chain similar to the one in Photosynthesis?

A

High energy electrons are passed down the ETC
Chemiosmosis to power ATP Synthase

33
Q

What is ATP Synthase?

A

ATP synthase is a membrane-bound enzyme that uses the flow of protons (H+) across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate

34
Q

Synthesis means?

A

to make.

35
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient

36
Q

What is the First Step of the ETC in cellular respiration?

A

NADH & FADH2 oxidized to NAD+ and FAD (go to the matrix)
^^^^ & ^^^^ 2 electrons per enter the ETC
3 ATP/NADH, 2 ATP/FADH2

37
Q

What is the second step of the ETC in cellular respiration

A

Electrons move along protein carriers ( cytochromes) embedded along cristae.

Energy released which is used to pump H+ into intermembrane (^H2)

H+ moves back into the matrix (down arrow H2) through ATP Synthase(Chemiosmosis)

Then ATP/energy is generated

38
Q

What is the third step of the ETC in cellular respiration?

A

The final electron acceptor = oxygen, which is then reduced to form water.

1/2 of O2 + 2e + 2H ^+ = H2O

39
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration : Fermentation?

A

Regenerates high energy electron carriers (for Krebs cycle and ETC)

Form of respiration in the absence of oxygen.

40
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of Fermentation since its not o2?

A

Sulfate, nitrate, co2

41
Q

What are byproducts of Fermentation?

A

Sulfur, nitrogen, methane

42
Q

Is Fermentation the most efficient?

A

Not as efficient as aerobic respiration.

43
Q

Where is Fermentation located?

A

Cytoplasm

44
Q

What is the inputs for Fermentation, and what are the outputs?

A

Inputs: Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP = Pi

Outputs:
Lactate : 2 Lacate, 4 ATP (net 2)
Ethanol: 2Co2, 2 Alcohol, 4 ATP(net2)

45
Q

When animals convert pyruvate into _____ what type of fermentation is that?

A

Lactate Fermentation

46
Q

When a variety of organisms convert pyruvate into ___ & CO2, what type of fermentation is that?

A

Ethanol Fermentation

47
Q

In lactate fermentation, do muscles receive enough oxygen? If yes or no, what is the outcome of that?

A

No, and because of that, cramps due to lactic acid build up

48
Q

When oxygen returns in lactate fermentation, what happens to lactate?

A

It turns into pyruvate

49
Q

When will lactate fermentation provide a burst of energy? and what does it produce.

A

In the absence of oxygen and it produces 2 ATP.

50
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The process where glucose breaks down into pyruvate and energy, breaks down cells that do not need oxygen.

51
Q

Does glycolysis remain the same for both Lactate and Ethanol Fermentation?

A

Yes

52
Q

What does NADH oxide to in Ethanol Fermentation?

A

NAD+

53
Q

What Net is produced in Ethanol Fermentation?

A

Net 2 ATP & CO2

54
Q

During Ethanol Fermentation, pyruvate turns into > ______ then > _________

A

Pyruvate turns into acetaldehyde, then ethanol.

55
Q

What are the three nutrients used as energy sources

A

carbohydrates, lipids/fats, and proteins

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