Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

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2
Q

What is catabolism and what does it release in the process

A

Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism, releasing energy in the process.

that energy can be used for movement, digestion and etc.

ex; when your body breaks down glucose for energy, its a catabolic reaction.

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3
Q

What is anabolism, what does it require, and what is it essential for

A

Anabolism is the building up aspect of Metabolism, which usually requires energy.

This process is essential for growth, repair of tissues, and the storage of energy.

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4
Q

The three nutrients that are used as energy sources can be broken down into smaller molecules such as?

A

Glucose, Amino Acids, Fatty acids and Glycerol

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5
Q

What does cellular respiration do?

A

It’s where cells derive energy from glucose

Oxides glucose to produce co2

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6
Q

What is reduction and what is oxidization

A

Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons

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7
Q

What does photosynthesis reduce co2 to?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

What does an aerobic process require?

A

O2,
CO2,

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9
Q

What are the 3 pathways of energy release?

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration, Anaerobic Cellular Respiration, Fermentation

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10
Q

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration and where does it occur

A

Requires Oxygen (O2) to produce ATP

Occurs in living organisms

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11
Q

What is Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

It generates less ? But is faster then ?

What are the common final electron acceptors?

Where does it occur

A

Doesn’t need oxygen (o2) to produce ATP (different final electron acceptor, not oxygen)

less ATP but faster then aerobic respiration

Common final electron acceptors = nitrate, sulfate, sulfur

Occurs in Organisms that live in anoxic (no oxygen) environments

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12
Q

What is fermentation?
How’s the process?
Does it have an ETC, electrochemical gradient, or a krebs cycle

A

Doesn’t require O2 to produce ATP

Has a different process then anaerobic cellular respiration

Has no etc, no electrochemical gradient, no kreb’s cycle.

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13
Q

What is energy banked as?

A

ATP

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14
Q

Information on the Glycosis.

Where is it located?
What input is needed
What output is gained?

A

Located in the cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria)

It needs 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ , to make
2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net 2 ATP produced)

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15
Q

What’s the formula for Glucose

A

C6, H12, O6

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16
Q

What is oxidiation

A

The loss of an electron

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17
Q

What is reduction

A

The gain of an electron

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18
Q

Information on the Transition Reaction

Where is it located?
What input is needed?
what output is gained?

A

(Pyruvate Oxidation into Acetyl-CoA)

Located in the Mitochondrial Matrix
It needs 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme to make 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

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19
Q

Why are there 2 of each product and reactant in the Transition Reaction? Also Kreb Cycle

A

The citric acid cycle goes around twice for each molecule of glucose that enters cellular respiration because there are two pyruvates—and thus, two acetyl ‍ s—made per glucose.

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20
Q

Where is the Kreb Cycle Located
What’s the input
Whats the output?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix
Input: 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + Pi
Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

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21
Q

What’s the point of the Kreb Cycle?

A

Make high energy electrons go to the electron transport chain = ATP (energy) via chemiosis

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22
Q

What are high energy electron carriers?

A

NADH & FADH2

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23
Q

Glucose = ?

A

High - Energy Sugar

24
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Step 1:

A

Acetyl CoA (2 carbons) is converted to citric acid (6 carbons) by joining with oxaloacetate(4 carbons)

25
Kreb's Cycle Step 2 :
Cyclic series of oxidation reactions that produce: 1 ATP 2 Co2 3 NADH 1 FADH2
26
Where is the Electron Transport Chain
Inner Mitochondrial Matrix
27
What is the input required and output gained of the Electron Transport Chain.
Input: 8-10 NADH, 2-4 FADH, 6O2, 32-34 ATP + Pi Output: 8-10 NAD+, 2-4 FAD, 6H2O, 32-34 ATP
28
What does the Electron Transport Chain produce large amounts of and what are the aerobic conditions?
32-34
29
Aerobic meaning?
the condition of living organisms surviving only in the presence of molecular oxygen
30
Anaerobic meaning
the condition of organisms that can survive without oxygen
31
Where do protein complexes accept electrons from? and what are examples of those?
High energy electron carriers NADH which go to complex I FADH2 goes to complex II
32
How is the Cellular Respiration ETC chain similar to the one in Photosynthesis?
High energy electrons are passed down the ETC Chemiosmosis to power ATP Synthase
33
What is ATP Synthase?
ATP synthase is a membrane-bound enzyme that uses the flow of protons (H+) across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate
34
Synthesis means?
to make.
35
What is chemiosmosis?
The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient
36
What is the First Step of the ETC in cellular respiration?
NADH & FADH2 oxidized to NAD+ and FAD (go to the matrix) ^^^^ & ^^^^ 2 electrons per enter the ETC 3 ATP/NADH, 2 ATP/FADH2
37
What is the second step of the ETC in cellular respiration
Electrons move along protein carriers ( cytochromes) embedded along cristae. Energy released which is used to pump H+ into intermembrane (^H2) H+ moves back into the matrix (down arrow H2) through ATP Synthase(Chemiosmosis) Then ATP/energy is generated
38
What is the third step of the ETC in cellular respiration?
The final electron acceptor = oxygen, which is then reduced to form water. 1/2 of O2 + 2e + 2H ^+ = H2O
39
What is Anaerobic Respiration : Fermentation?
Regenerates high energy electron carriers (for Krebs cycle and ETC) Form of respiration in the absence of oxygen.
40
What is the final electron acceptor of Fermentation since its not o2?
Sulfate, nitrate, co2
41
What are byproducts of Fermentation?
Sulfur, nitrogen, methane
42
Is Fermentation the most efficient?
Not as efficient as aerobic respiration.
43
Where is Fermentation located?
Cytoplasm
44
What is the inputs for Fermentation, and what are the outputs?
Inputs: Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP = Pi Outputs: Lactate : 2 Lacate, 4 ATP (net 2) Ethanol: 2Co2, 2 Alcohol, 4 ATP(net2)
45
When animals convert pyruvate into _____ what type of fermentation is that?
Lactate Fermentation
46
When a variety of organisms convert pyruvate into ___ & CO2, what type of fermentation is that?
Ethanol Fermentation
47
In lactate fermentation, do muscles receive enough oxygen? If yes or no, what is the outcome of that?
No, and because of that, cramps due to lactic acid build up
48
When oxygen returns in lactate fermentation, what happens to lactate?
It turns into pyruvate
49
When will lactate fermentation provide a burst of energy? and what does it produce.
In the absence of oxygen and it produces 2 ATP.
50
What is glycolysis
The process where glucose breaks down into pyruvate and energy, breaks down cells that do not need oxygen.
51
Does glycolysis remain the same for both Lactate and Ethanol Fermentation?
Yes
52
What does NADH oxide to in Ethanol Fermentation?
NAD+
53
What Net is produced in Ethanol Fermentation?
Net 2 ATP & CO2
54
During Ethanol Fermentation, pyruvate turns into > ______ then > _________
Pyruvate turns into acetaldehyde, then ethanol.
55
What are the three nutrients used as energy sources
carbohydrates, lipids/fats, and proteins