Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Define cellular respiration
Cellular respiration refers to the process by which cells create usable energy in the form of ATP from a series of biochemical reactions involving breakdown of glucose.
Define aerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration refers to the metabolic pathway that occurs in the presence of oxygen, involves three stages, during which glucose and oxygen are converted to ATP, CO2 and water. Occurs at a slow pace
Define anaerobic fermentation
anaerobic fermentation refers to the metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen, involves glycolysis, followed by further reactions that convert pyruvate into lactic acid in animals or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeasts. Occurs at a fast pace.
Define Glycolysis
Glycolysis refers to the first stage in aerobic cellular respiration in which glucose is converted to two pyruvate molecules.
Define the Krebs Cycle
The Kreb cycle refers to the second stage in aerobic cellular respiration where multiple reactions occur to create ATP, NADH, FADH2 and the waste product of carbon dioxide.
Define the electron transport chain
the electron transport chain refers to the third stage in cellular respiration in which a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of a mitochondrian harness the stored energy in NADH and FADH2, to generate large amounts of ATP.
Define cytosol
The cytosol refers to the aqueous fluid that surrounds a cell’s organelles inside the plasma membrane
Define crista/cristae
The crista refers to the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The site of the Kreb Cycle.
Define pyruvate
Pyruvate refers to the three-carbon molecule that can be formed from the breakdown of glucose via glycolysis.
Identify the inputs, outputs and location of Glycolysis
Inputs include: (c6h12o6), 2 ADP + 2Pi and 2 NAD+ + 2 H+. Outputs include: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH. It occurs in the cytosol.
Define NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide refers to a coenzyme that acts as a proton (H+) and electron carrier in cellular respiration. NAD can cycle between its NAD+ and NADH forms, depending on the reaction its participates in.
Define FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide refers to the coenzyme that acts as a proton (H+) and electron carrier in cellular respiration. Can cycle between FAD and FADH2,, depending on the reaction it participates in.
Define acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA refers to the product of the link reaction where pyruvate is combined to coenzyme A, creating the primary input into the Krebs cycle.
Identify the inputs, outputs and location of Kreb Cycle
Inputs include: 2 acetyl-CoA (derived from 2 pyruvates), 2 ADP + 2 Pi, 6 NAD+ + 6 H+ and 2 FAD + 4 H+. Outputs include: 4 carbon dioxide, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Identify the inputs, outputs and location of the Electron Transport Chain
Inputs include: 6 oxygen (O2) + 12 H+, 26 or 28 ADP + 26 or 28 Pi+, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2. Outputs include: 6 water molecules, 26 or 28 ATP, 10 NAD+ + 10 H+ and 2 FAD + 4 H+. It occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.
Define ATP synthase
ATP synthase refers to an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the concentration gradient of H+ to synthesise ATP from ADP to Pi+.
Identify the chemical equation of cellular respiration
the overall equation of cellular respiration is represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 30 or 32 ATP.
Define the process of lactic acid fermentation
lactic acid fermentation refers to the process of anaerobic fermentation in animals, where pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted to lactic acid.
Define the process of ethanol/alcohol fermentation
ethanol fermentation refers to the process of anaerobic fermentation in yeasts, where pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
List the factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration
factors affecting include: temperature and pH, glucose, oxygen and enzyme inhibition.
Define fossil fuels
fossil fuels refers to fuel that formed over tens of millions of years from the remains of dead organic material. Considered non-renewable.
Define biofuel
biofuels refer to fuel created from organic material known as biomass.
Define biomass
biomass refers to an organic material, including plants, animals by-products and biological waste material. Multi-sourced from different industries.
define carbon neutral
carbon neutral refers to a state in which there is no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, meaning there is a balance between amount of CO2 that is emitted during combustion of a fuel and how much was originally absorbed during the formation process of the fuel.
Identify the steps in creating biofuels
the steps are Deconstruction, Digestion by enzymes, Ethanol fermentation and Purification and dehydration.
Define first-generation biofuels
first-generation biofuels refer to biofuels produced from edible food crops such as corn or sugar cane. Compete directly with agricultural land. Easier to break down
Define second-generation biofuels
second-generation biofuels refer to biofuels produced from non-edible crops such as agricultural and forestry residues and municipal waste. Compete less with agricultural land. Harder to break down.
