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Biology 181 Module 2 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Breakdown of Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to get energy to do work.

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2
Q

1Glycolysis

A

cytoplasm. Anaerobic. Will end up with 2 3 carbon compounds: Pyruvate
No carbons oxidized yet

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3
Q

2Acetyl COA synth

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

3citric acid cycle

A

mitchondria matrix

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5
Q

4oxidative phosphorylation/ETC

A

mitochondria inner membrane

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6
Q

Reduced

A

gain electrons, inc in electron density

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7
Q

Oxidized

A

Lose electrons dec in electron density

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8
Q

Glucose Redox

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -→ 6CO2 + 6H2O +nrg

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9
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A

6 carbon sugar broken to water and CO2
highly controlled, tiny steps, energy released along the way
Energy given off when ATP produce or NADH/FADH2 produced

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10
Q

Electron Carriers

A

reduced along the way. NAD+ and FADH
when reduced: NADH and FADH2<– HIGH PE
will get us most ATP synthed

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11
Q

Intermediates

A

Pyruvate, acetyl COA

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12
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

a little bit of ATP from glucose breakdown
Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
Molecule w/ phosphate, transfers phosphate to ADP–> ATP with an intermediate
Imideate ATP, but little

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13
Q

Glycolysis Phase 1

A

Prep for next phases, add 2 phosphate groups. Form Glucose 1, 6-phosphate. Climb up, make more energy rich. NRG input of 2 ATP molecs

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14
Q

Glycolysis Phase 2

A

make 2 glyceraldehyde 3phosphates

INTERMEDIATES

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15
Q

Glycolysis Phase 3

A

Two molecs pyruvate formed 2 molecs of NADH electron carriers, 2 ATP. Process is even. (4 ATP made, but 2 were spent to get there, so net 2).

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16
Q

Glucose Break Down

A

Break down of 6 carbon compound

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17
Q

Step 2: Acetyl-CoA Synth

A

Pyruvate is input. Put into mitochondrian matrix and changed to Acetyl-CoA:
Release CO2 molec from pyruvate, use to reduce NAD+ to NADH
add coenzyme A w/ CO2 on end, form acetyl-CoA
3 carbon compound to 2 carbon compound

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18
Q

One molec o pyruvate equals

A

1 molec CO2
1 molec NADH
1 molec Acetyl-CoA

19
Q

3: Citric Acid Cycle

A 
start with oxaloacetate (4C compound), transfer acetyl CoA to it(+2C =6 C compound), pass it through cycle, go back to oxaloacetate
Substrate level phosphorolation
Acetyl CoA totally oxidized
reduction of electron carriers
8 reactions
20
Q

Citric Acid Results in

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
fuel molecules completely oxidized

21
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

take electrons from NADH(complex 1) and FADH2(complex 2)

22
Q

ETC Complex 1

A

Pulling electron off NADH and pulling into chamber, NADH oxidized (no longer reduced) recycled to run process again
Electron passed into complex 1 goes to complex 3 through coenzyme Q

23
Q

ETC Complex 2

A

Take multiple electrons from FADH2

Electrons bind to complex Q, goes to complex 3

24
Q

From Complex 3 to…

A

to cytochrome C, then to complex 4, the to Oxygen (final electron acceptor)

25
Q

Energy Transfer in ETC

A
  1. NRG used to drive next reduction reaction (electron transfer)
  2. Used to pump protons across membrane against gradient to make an electrochemical gradient
26
Q

Coenzyme Q

A

very hydrophobic! just inside membrane pretty much

27
Q

Hydrogen pumping

A

Complex 1, 3, and 4 (NOT 2)
transfer high energy electron, H into pumped into intermembrane space, build up of electrochemical gradient back into matrix
WHERE? at ATP synthase

28
Q

ATP synthase

A

takes ADP and adds a phopshate
F0: channel portion, where H ions flow through (h conc to low conc). Turns, that drives ATP synth!
F1:
LOTS OF ATP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (Almost all)

29
Q

Racker and Stoeclenius Experiment

A

Made membrane, put ATP synthase molec in it
Bacterial proton pump in too, pumps ions against electrochem gradient (using light)
H ions increase in conc, so does level of ATP in system.
Shows that building up proton gradient lets us make ATP

30
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Only in cytoplasm, only glycolysis
Takes glucose and adds 2 ADP + Pi to get 2: lactic acid, 2 ATP and 2 water
Cant make pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
Stuck with pyruvate and NADH you cant pass off, so you form lactic acid.
This passes off electrons to lactic acid, oxidizes NADH so it can be reused
limited amount of time
Use up glycolysis
When oxygen becomes available we can break down lactic acid

31
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A 
Only in cytoplasm, only glycolysis 
bacteria and yeast
Glucose molec: make 2 ATP molecs
Make pyruvate
Different enzymatic reaction, make pyruvate into acetaldehyde
Release some CO2
Change acetaldehyde into ethanol
NAD+ can accept more electrons
32
Q

Where animals store glucose

A

Glycogen. Large branched chain of sugars

liver, muscle

33
Q

Plants store glucose in:

A

Starch

Break of molecs one at a time

34
Q

Total ATP from oxidative phosphorolation:

A

28 ATP

35
Q

Total ATP

A

32

36
Q

Total from substrate level phosporolyaion

A

4

37
Q

Beta-oxidation: Lipids as energy

A

Complete oxidation of palmitic acid (FA with 16 carbons) produces 106 molecs of ATP
Fatty acids: good source of nrg, but cant be used by all cell types (RBC, brain cells)

38
Q

Respiration Regulation

A

Level of ATP in cell is indicator of how much nrg cell has avaliable
Use end products to end products to feed back into begining of cycle and tell it to shut down
oxidized molecs can be used to up regulate (ADP, NAD+ etc)
Shut down early to avoid making intermediates you won’t use!

39
Q

Fructose

A

can feed into cycle

40
Q

Sucrose

A

di glucose+fructose

41
Q

maltose

A

di: 2 glucose, split and use

42
Q

lactose

A

disarcharride

43
Q

oxidative phosphoralation

A

lots of ATP, but not immediate

Biology 181 Module 2 (6 decks)

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