Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

Breakdown of Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to get energy to do work.

Question 2

1Glycolysis

Answer 2

cytoplasm. Anaerobic. Will end up with 2 3 carbon compounds: Pyruvate
No carbons oxidized yet

Question 3

2Acetyl COA synth

Answer 3

cytoplasm

Question 4

3citric acid cycle

Answer 4

mitchondria matrix

Question 5

4oxidative phosphorylation/ETC

Answer 5

mitochondria inner membrane

Question 6

Reduced

Answer 6

gain electrons, inc in electron density

Question 7

Oxidized

Answer 7

Lose electrons dec in electron density

Question 8

Glucose Redox

Answer 8

C6H12O6 +6O2 -→ 6CO2 + 6H2O +nrg

Question 9

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Answer 9

6 carbon sugar broken to water and CO2
highly controlled, tiny steps, energy released along the way
Energy given off when ATP produce or NADH/FADH2 produced

Question 10

Electron Carriers

Answer 10

reduced along the way. NAD+ and FADH
when reduced: NADH and FADH2<– HIGH PE
will get us most ATP synthed

Question 11

Intermediates

Answer 11

Pyruvate, acetyl COA

Question 12

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 12

a little bit of ATP from glucose breakdown
Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
Molecule w/ phosphate, transfers phosphate to ADP–> ATP with an intermediate
Imideate ATP, but little

Question 13

Glycolysis Phase 1

Answer 13

Prep for next phases, add 2 phosphate groups. Form Glucose 1, 6-phosphate. Climb up, make more energy rich. NRG input of 2 ATP molecs

Question 14

Glycolysis Phase 2

Answer 14

make 2 glyceraldehyde 3phosphates

INTERMEDIATES

Question 15

Glycolysis Phase 3

Answer 15

Two molecs pyruvate formed 2 molecs of NADH electron carriers, 2 ATP. Process is even. (4 ATP made, but 2 were spent to get there, so net 2).

Question 16

Glucose Break Down

Answer 16

Break down of 6 carbon compound

Question 17

Step 2: Acetyl-CoA Synth

Answer 17

Pyruvate is input. Put into mitochondrian matrix and changed to Acetyl-CoA:
Release CO2 molec from pyruvate, use to reduce NAD+ to NADH
add coenzyme A w/ CO2 on end, form acetyl-CoA
3 carbon compound to 2 carbon compound

Question 18

One molec o pyruvate equals

Answer 18

1 molec CO2
1 molec NADH
1 molec Acetyl-CoA

Question 19

3: Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 19

start with oxaloacetate (4C compound), transfer acetyl CoA to it(+2C =6 C compound), pass it through cycle, go back to oxaloacetate
Substrate level phosphorolation
Acetyl CoA totally oxidized
reduction of electron carriers
8 reactions

Question 20

Citric Acid Results in

Answer 20

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
fuel molecules completely oxidized

Question 21

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 21

take electrons from NADH(complex 1) and FADH2(complex 2)

Question 22

ETC Complex 1

Answer 22

Pulling electron off NADH and pulling into chamber, NADH oxidized (no longer reduced) recycled to run process again
Electron passed into complex 1 goes to complex 3 through coenzyme Q

Question 23

ETC Complex 2

Answer 23

Take multiple electrons from FADH2

Electrons bind to complex Q, goes to complex 3

Question 24

From Complex 3 to…

Answer 24

to cytochrome C, then to complex 4, the to Oxygen (final electron acceptor)

Question 25

Energy Transfer in ETC

Answer 25

1. NRG used to drive next reduction reaction (electron transfer) 2. Used to pump protons across membrane against gradient to make an electrochemical gradient

Question 26

Coenzyme Q

Answer 26

very hydrophobic! just inside membrane pretty much

Question 27

Hydrogen pumping

Answer 27

Complex 1, 3, and 4 (NOT 2) transfer high energy electron, H into pumped into intermembrane space, build up of electrochemical gradient back into matrix WHERE? at ATP synthase

Question 28

ATP synthase

Answer 28

takes ADP and adds a phopshate F0: channel portion, where H ions flow through (h conc to low conc). Turns, that drives ATP synth! F1: LOTS OF ATP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (Almost all)

Question 29

Racker and Stoeclenius Experiment

Answer 29

Made membrane, put ATP synthase molec in it Bacterial proton pump in too, pumps ions against electrochem gradient (using light) H ions increase in conc, so does level of ATP in system. Shows that building up proton gradient lets us make ATP

Question 30

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 30

Only in cytoplasm, only glycolysis Takes glucose and adds 2 ADP + Pi to get 2: lactic acid, 2 ATP and 2 water Cant make pyruvate into acetyl-CoA Stuck with pyruvate and NADH you cant pass off, so you form lactic acid. This passes off electrons to lactic acid, oxidizes NADH so it can be reused limited amount of time Use up glycolysis When oxygen becomes available we can break down lactic acid

Question 31

Ethanol Fermentation

Answer 31

``` Only in cytoplasm, only glycolysis bacteria and yeast Glucose molec: make 2 ATP molecs Make pyruvate Different enzymatic reaction, make pyruvate into acetaldehyde Release some CO2 Change acetaldehyde into ethanol NAD+ can accept more electrons ```

Question 32

Where animals store glucose

Answer 32

Glycogen. Large branched chain of sugars | liver, muscle

Question 33

Plants store glucose in:

Answer 33

Starch | Break of molecs one at a time

Question 34

Total ATP from oxidative phosphorolation:

Answer 34

28 ATP

Question 35

Total ATP

Answer 35

32

Question 36

Total from substrate level phosporolyaion

Answer 36

4

Question 37

Beta-oxidation: Lipids as energy

Answer 37

Complete oxidation of palmitic acid (FA with 16 carbons) produces 106 molecs of ATP Fatty acids: good source of nrg, but cant be used by all cell types (RBC, brain cells)

Question 38

Respiration Regulation

Answer 38

Level of ATP in cell is indicator of how much nrg cell has avaliable Use end products to end products to feed back into begining of cycle and tell it to shut down oxidized molecs can be used to up regulate (ADP, NAD+ etc) Shut down early to avoid making intermediates you won't use!

Question 39

Fructose

Answer 39

can feed into cycle

Question 40

Sucrose

Answer 40

di glucose+fructose

Question 41

maltose

Answer 41

di: 2 glucose, split and use

Question 42

lactose

Answer 42

disarcharride

Question 43

oxidative phosphoralation

Answer 43

lots of ATP, but not immediate