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IB Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of cellular respiration?

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

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3
Q

What type of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

Combustion reaction; the steps within cellular respiration are chemical reactions

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4
Q

What type of bond is energy captured in?

A

Chemical bonds

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5
Q

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration reqoires oxygen and gives a high yield of ATP but anaerobic respiration doesn’t use oxygen and only gives a small yield of ATP

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6
Q

What happens when muscles are short of energy during strenuous exercise?

A

They carry out aerobic and anaerobic respiration at the same time

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7
Q

In humans, what is produced by muscle cells carrying out anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactate/Lactic acid

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8
Q

What is the name given to the process where NAD accepts hydrogen to become NADH?

A

Reduction

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9
Q

Pyruvate becomes an acetyl molecule during the link reaction. What is the term used to describe the removal of a carbon atom in a reaction?

A

Decarboxylation

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10
Q

What type of reaction is ATP becoming ADP or ADP becoming ATP?

A

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

What occurs during phosphorylation?

A

A phosphate molecule is either added or removed from a molecule

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12
Q

How much ATP is needed to begin glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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13
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen to begin?

A

No, it can happen with or without oxygen

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14
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the elctron transport chain

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16
Q

What is the name of the enzyme which generates ATP using the flow of protons in chemiosmosis?

A

ATP synthase

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17
Q

What are 3 instances where anaerobic respiration is useful?

A

In a habitat without oxygen (bogs and methanogenic bacteria); During vigorous exercise (weight ligting); When engery is needed quickly (sprinting)

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18
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What does anaerobic respiration begin with?

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis without oxygen

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20
Q

What does O.I.L. R.I.G. stand for?

A

Oxidation is lose, reduction is gained

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21
Q

What occurs when a molecule is oxidized?

A

There is a lose of electrons and hydrogen molecules

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22
Q

What occurs when a molecule is reduced?

A

There is a gain of electrons and hydrogen molecules

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23
Q

What is the product of alcohol and yeast fermentation?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What is the product of anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

Lactic acid (lactate); it’s toxic

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25
Q

What happens to the acetaldehyde during yeast fermentation?

A

Acetaldehyde is reduced to become ethanol

26
Q

What is glycolysis an example of?

A

A metabolic pathway

27
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP; 2 NADH; 2 pyruvate

28
Q

How many reactions/steps occur in glycolysis?

A

10 reactions, each with its own enzyme

29
Q

Does the linking reaction require oxygen?

A

Yes, it’s aerobic

30
Q

Where does the link reaction occur and what molecule does it start with?

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis enters the matrix of the mitochondria

31
Q

What occurs to the pyruvate during the link reaction? What does it become?

A

Pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation and loses a carbon as CO2, becoming acetyl

32
Q

How is acetyl Co-A produced?

A

A large molecule called coenzyme A (Co-A) joins with acetyl, creating acetyl Co-A

33
Q

What is the product for each glucose in the link reaction?

A

2 acetyl Co-A; 2 NADH

34
Q

What are the general steps of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis —> Link Reaction —> Krebs Cycle —> Electron Transport Chain —> Chemiosmosis

35
Q

Does the krebs cycle require oxygen?

A

Yes, it’s an aerobic process

36
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

How many steps is in the krebs cycle?

A

There are 8 steps, each enzyme mediated

38
Q

What does releasing energy in the steps during the krebs cycle prevent?

A

It prevents much of the energy from being lost as heat

39
Q

How does the krebs cycle begin?

A

When the 2-carbon fragment of an acetyl Co-A is attatched to a 4-carbon molecule (the starting material). This creates a 6-carbon molecule which is then oxidized

40
Q

How many CO2 molecules are formed during one cycle of the krebs cycle?

A

2 CO2 molecules are formed, removing 2 carbon atoms (decarboxylation)

41
Q

What happens to the 4-carbon molecule in the krebs cycle?

A

It is oxidized as an FAD and an NAD+, which are reduced, forming FADH2 and NADH

42
Q

What is the product for each glucose in the krebs cycle?

A

4 CO2; 6 NADH; 2FADH2; 2ATP

43
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

What are the 2 electron carrier molecules?

A

NADH and FADH2

45
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 give up in the electron transport chain? Where does it go?

A

They give up their electrons to the electron carrier proteins of the electron transport chain

46
Q

In the electron transport chain, which is oxidized and which is reduced?
- NADH and FADH2
- Electron carrier proteins in the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and the electron carrier proteins are reduced

47
Q

What happened to the electrons that are given up by the electron carrier molecules during the ETC?

A

The electrons pass from protein to protein in the ETC, energy is released at each step

48
Q

What are the steps of the electron transport chain?

A

1) On the cristae, inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, NADH and FADH2 (electron carrier molecules) give up their electrons to the electron carrier proteins of the ETC
2) The electrons pass from protein to protein in the ETC, energy is released at each step
3) Energy, from the flow of electrons, is used to pump protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. this creates a H+ gradient
4) At the end of the chain, the “spent” electrons joins with oxygen and H+ to yeild water

49
Q

What is the name of the enzyme which generates ATP using the flow of protons in chemiosmosis?

A

ATP synthase

50
Q

What are the steps of chemiosmosis?

A

1) the H+ (protons) passivley (with the gradient; from high to low) move back through mitochondrial membranes through ATP synthase
2) The movement of H+ is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to yield ATP

51
Q

How many ATP molecules are made per glucose in chemiosmosis?

A

32-34 ATP

52
Q

What are the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis called? Why?

A

They are called oxidative phosphorylation because ADP is phosphorylated to produce ATP, using energy released by oxidation of the elctron carrier molecules

53
Q

What are the net ATP for glycolysis, the link reaction, the krebs cycle, ETC, and chemiosmosis?

A

Glycolysis (2); The Link reaction (0), Krebs Cycle (2); ETC (0); Chemiosmosis (32-34) for a total of 36-38 ATP

54
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

It separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell creating a cellular compartment with ideal conditions for cellular respiration

55
Q

What is the function of the cristae of the mitochondria?

A

They are the infoldings of the inner membrane that increase surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and chemiomosis)

56
Q

What does the inner membrane contain in regards to cellular respiration?

A

It contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

57
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix and what is it used for?

A

It’s the space inside the inner membrane. it contains enzymes for the link reaction and the krebs cycle

58
Q

Descibe the ribosomes that are located in the mitochondria. What are their funcation?

A

They are 70s ribosomes that make proteins used in cellular respiration

59
Q

What is the function of the intermembrane space in the mitochondria?

A

H+ ions are pumped into this space by the ETC. The sapce is small, so it builds up H+ quickly

60
Q

Describe mitochondrial DNA.

A

It’s circular, naked DNA with genes for proteins used in cellular respiration

IB Biology (2 decks)

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