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Biology 30 > Cellular Reproduction (chapter 16) > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction (chapter 16) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main cells discussed in bio 30?

A

germ, somatic and stem

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2
Q

what is a germ cell?

A

line of cells that cause gamates (eggs in females, sperm in men)

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3
Q

what are somatic cells? and they have a _______ amount of chromosomes

A

body cells which have a diploid amount of chromasomes

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4
Q

define diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosome pairs in a cell (one from mother, one from father)

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5
Q

how many chromosome pairs do body cells have?

A

23 pairs, 46 single chromosomes

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6
Q

what are stem cells?

A

cells that are able to differentiate as well as become other types of cells

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7
Q

where does sexual reproduction occur?

A

germ cells

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8
Q

what does sexual reproduction introduce?

A

genetic variation

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9
Q

genetic material is found in different forms depending on the stage of the cycle. what are these stages?

A

chromatin, chromosomes, or chromatids

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10
Q

what is chromatin?

A

a mixture of dna and proteins that make up chromosomes

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11
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

structures made of a protein and a singular dna molecule to carry genetic info.

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12
Q

what is a chromatid?

A

a half of a chromosome, the sister chromatid’s are formed together at a place called the centromere

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13
Q

all somatic cells contain ______ pairs

A

homologous (23 maternal, 23 paternal)

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14
Q

what do the first 44 chromosomes do and what are the called?

A

autosomes, carry genetic coding

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15
Q

how many sex chromosomes are there and how do they work?

A

2 sex chromosomes, determining the sex (male XY, female XX)

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16
Q

what are the two processes that take place in the cell cycle?

A

divison and replication

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17
Q

what do cells do during mitosis?

A

cells divide

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18
Q

where does mitosis occur?

A

somatic cells

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19
Q

all of the cells produced by mitosis are __________ in genetic makeup to the original cells

A

identical

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20
Q

what is differentiation in mitosis?

A

when cells become specialized

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21
Q

how many phases does mitosis have?

A

4

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22
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
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23
Q

explain what occurs during prophase of mitosis?

A

chromosomes condense, create mitotic spindle

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24
Q

explain what occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

A

chromosomes move to M middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

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25
Q

explain what occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

A

chromatids are pulled Away to opposite sides of the cell by spindles

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26
Q

explain what occurs during telophase of mitosis?

A

chromatids at opposite ends of the cell, spread out to form chromatin, then divided by cytokinesis

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27
Q

what is the main purpose of mitosis?

A

growth and replace worn out cells

28
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm division

29
Q

what are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

growth 1, synthesis, growth 2, mitosis

30
Q

what is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

31
Q

haploid (meiosis)

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells (23)

32
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis: produces two genetically identical daughter cells, one from each parent cell
meiosis: produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and are made up of half as much pf the dna contents

33
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

soley in the reproductive tissues of sexually reproducing organisms, takes place in germ cells

34
Q

meiosis involves _____ cell divisions leading to ______ haploid cells formed

35
Q

mitosis involves ________ cell division, leading to ________ diploid cells

36
Q

what are the two different kinds of meiosis?

A

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

37
Q

what is meiosis 1?

A

meiosis 1 is the first division and means the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not. this results in half as many chromosomes per cell (23)

38
Q

what is meiosis 2?

A

this division is similar to mitosis, the number of chromosomes remains the same

39
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

40
Q

what is disjunction?

A

disjunction refers to the seperation of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids during cell division

41
Q

when does disjunction take place in meiosis?

A

anaphase 1 or anaphase 2

42
Q

what is budding?

A

an asexual reproductive strat, nucleus of an organism cell divides equally, but cytoplasm divides unequally

43
Q

what is sporulation?

A

an asexual reproduction strat, the production of spores

44
Q

what is regeneration?

A

an asexual reproduction strat, the development of an entire new body part (ex: lizard tail)

45
Q

what is vegetative propagation?

A

an asexual reproduction strat, regeneration in plants

46
Q

why sexual reproduction?

A

genetic variation!!

47
Q

meiosis - special form of cell division occuring only in the ________ of a sexually reproducing organisms where ________ gametes are formed, having ______ the dna contents of the original sex-forming cell

A

reproductive tissue, haploid, half

48
Q

how many cell divisions are in mitosis and meiosis?

A

one in mitosis, two in meiosis

49
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis 1?

A

reduction division (separates homologous chromosomes)

50
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis 2?

A

separates sister chromatids

51
Q

prophase of meiosis 1?

A

chromosomes condense, and pair up with homologous pair

52
Q

metaphase of meiosis 1?

A

the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in the M middle of the cell

53
Q

anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

the homologues pairs are pulled Away and move apart to opposite ends of the cell

54
Q

telophase 1 of meiosis?

A

chromosomes gather at the poles of cell, nucleus forms, cell divides via cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells

55
Q

prophase of meiosis 2?

A

each of the daughter cells condenses again

56
Q

metaphase of meiosis 2?

A

the chromosomes align in the M middle of the cell

57
Q

anaphase of meiosis 2?

A

the sister chromatids separate and are pulled A away to opposite poles of the cell

58
Q

telophase of meiosis 2?

A

chromosomes gather at the 2 poles of the cell and the cell divides via cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells (1n 1c) from each of the two cells from meiosis I

59
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the production of mature sperm and occurs from puberty through life in males

60
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

development of ova

61
Q

where does nondisjunction occur?

A

during anaphase of meiosis 1 or 2

62
Q

what is karyotyping?

A

A type of genetic test that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of cells taken from blood, amniotic fluid, bone marrow, or other tissue

63
Q

mitosis creates _____ cells

64
Q

meiosis creates what?

A

sperm and egg (gametes)

65
Q

interphase comes before mitosis and meiosis, what does it do?

A

duplicated chromosomes (46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids)

Biology 30 (7 decks)

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