biology diploma Flashcards
sequence of function of nervous system
stimuli, sensory, CNS, motor, effector
2 neurons of nervous system
sensory and motor
sensory neurons
activated by stimulus
motor neurons
sends messages to effectors from CNS
two parts of nervous system
CNS and PNS
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that carry info from neuron to neuron
dendrite
recieves info from other neurons
synapse sequence
neurotransmitter moves across synapse from presynaptic neuron to post synaptic neuron
somatic NS
voluntary movements
autonomic NS
involuntary (thinking, breathing, etc)
axon
carry electrical impulse
myelin sheath
speeds neural transmission
schwann cells
produce myelin
depolarization
left side, na+ ions in
repolarization
right side k+ ions out
brain stem
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
cerebellum
muscle control, balance, movement
occipital lobe
visual
cerebrum
temporal lobe, occipital love, frontal lobe, parietal lobe
frontal lobe
voluntary movement, motor speech, intelligence, reasoning, thinking, memory, personality
parietial lobe
sensory information - taste, pressure, heat
temporal lobe
speech, language comprehension
layers of the human eye
inner: retina, middle: choroid: outer: sclera
refraction of light sequence (human eye)
cornea - pupil - lens
what transmits visual reception to optic nerve (human eye)
retina
what are cones for? (human eye)
colour vision
rods (human eye)
vision in dim light
cillary muscles (human eye)
moving the eye
lens (human eye)
the lens changes shape to focus the light
iris (human eye)
regulates amount of light entering the eye
pupil (human eye)
allows light into the eye
cornea (human eye)
protects from debris
pinna (human ear)
channels sound waves into inner ear
auditory canal function (human ear)
where sound waves travel into ear canal, sound is amplified
tympanum (human ear)
seperates outer from inner ear
semicircular canals (ear)
tube filled canals, help with balance
ossicles (ear)
transmit air vibrations from outer to inner ear to be processed as sound
auditory nerve (ear)
connects ear to brain, brain receives info and translates into sound
eustachian tube (ear)
balance pressure in middle ear (ears popping)
cochlea (ear)
turns sound into electrical impulse tp be interpreted by the brain
oval window (ear)
carries sound vibration from middle to inner ear
hair cells (ear)
within the organ of corti which is inside the cochlea
thalamus
body info relay station
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis
pituitary gland
regulates hormones, stability, growth, etc
what are the posterior pituitary gland hormones
oxytocin and ADH
anterior pituitary hormones
HGH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH
HGH function
bone growth etc
PRL function
lactation when pregnant
ACTH function
stress hormone
FSH function
triggers growth of eggs and eggs prepared for ovulation
LH function
menstrual cycle control, triggers release of eggs
TSH function
tells thyroid how much thyroxine to make
oxytocin function
stimulates uterine contractions during birth and produces breast milky
ADH function
increase reabsorption of water in kidneys
sex hormones
males: testosterone, females: estrogen and progesterone
negative feedback
to reduce change or output
antagonistic hormones
insulin and glucagon, parathyroid and calcitonin
calcium role
goes into bones for strengthening
blood sugar role
bodies primary source of energy
ACTH negative feedback loop
ACTH negative feedback loop reduces CRH and ACTH release when cortisol levels high, decreasing cortisol production. When cortisol drops, CRH and ACTH increase, stimulate cortisol production.
FSH negative feedback loop
FSH release is inhibited by high estrogen (in females) or inhibit (in males) to maintain reproductive balance.
seminal vesicle
store/produce most of what makes up semen
prostate gland
produces seminal fluid which nourishes/transports sperm
ductus deferens
transports sperm from epididymus to urethra
testicle
produce sperm and testosterone
epididymis
transports sperm from testies to ductus deferens
bulbourethral glands
lubricates urethra for ejaculation
gametogenesis types
oogenesis (female), spermatogenesis (male)
oogenesis process
primary oocyte (2n), splits to two (secondary oocyte (n), one dies splits again another die, 1 ovum (n), 3 become polar bodies
spermatogenisis
primary spermatocyte (2n) splits into 2 (secondary spermatocyte), splits into 4 (spermatids) then into sperm
FSH in sperm production
produced by pituitary gland in the brain, FSH stimulates testicular growth, also helps produce protein that aids in creating normal sperm cells
3 parts of germ layer
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
when does a germ layer become relevant?
embryonic developement
germ layer functions
work together to form all tissues and organs
placenta
structure that develops in uterus during pregnancy
what are the only cells that are haploid?
eggs/sperm
sister chromatids
the pair of identical chromatids formed during interphase of mitosis
ovarian cycle phases
follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase
follicular phase
the maturation of ovarian follicles, preparing them for release during ovulation
ovulation
egg released from ovary
luteal phase
prepares your uterus for pregnancy by thickening your uterine lining
hormones during ovulation
progesterone increase, lh drops fast, estrogen decrease, fsh drops
1st trimester
formation of frame/system
2nd trimester
develop strength
3rd trimester
finishing touches
4 stages of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
karyotyping
a test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells
amniocentisis
prenatal test that takes amniotic fluid from around your baby in the uterus
chorionic villi sampling
small sample of placenta is taken using a needle inserted through the abdomen, sample is then examined in a laboratory.
daughter cells
in mitosis, cells divide to produce two genetically identical cells
nondisjunction (meiosis)
failure of paired chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the spindle, produces abnormal number of chromosomes
homologous pairs vs sister chromatids
sister chromatids are genetically identical, whereas homologous chromosomes are composed of two different chromosomes
genetic variability
no two individuals (except identical twins) are exactly the same in their DNA
restriction enzymes
restriction enzyme is a protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences. It’s used by bacteria to protect against viruses
ligase
ligase is an enzyme that joins two DNA strands by forming a bond between them
base pairs in dna
a = t
c = g
base pairs in mrna and trna
a = u
c = g
dna to mrna
transcription
mrna to trna
translation
most time of cell cycle is spent in what phase
interphase where growth occurs
mendels law
the inheritance of one pair of factors ( genes ) is independent of the inheritance of the other pair
4 modes of inheritance
autosomal Dominant Inheritance.
autosomal Recessive Inheritance.
x-linked Inheritance.
complex Inheritance.
parthenogenisis
self fert. organisms
semiconservative replication
when both new dna strands hold a strand from the parent helix
recombinant dna
recombinant DNA is DNA that has been artificially modified by combining genes from different organisms. done using tools like restriction enzymes and DNA ligase
5 hardy Weinberg principles
No mutation
Random mating
No natural selection
Large population size
No gene flow
primary succession
happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time, no soil
secondary succession
secondary succession is the recovery of an ecosystem after a disturbance, where soil remains. it happens faster than primary succession
gene flow
gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations due to migration or interbreeding, increasing genetic diversity.
genetic drift
random change in allele frequencies in a population, often more noticeable in small populations
bottleneck effect
bottleneck effect occurs when a large population is drastically reduced in size due to a disaster, leading to a loss of genetic diversity
founder effect
founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population
infraspecific
interactions within the same species
interspecific
interactions between dif. species
mutualism
(+/+)
parasitism
(+/-)
commensalism
(+/no change)
what did morgan discover
genes are stored in chromosomes inside cell nuclei
what did rosalind franklin discover
structure of dna (double helix)
what did watson/crick discover
DNA was made up of two chains of nucleotide pairs that encode the genetic information
