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Biology > Cellular Replication and Variation > Flashcards

Cellular Replication and Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes of the same type; usually a pair.

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2
Q

Diploid

A

Cellular condition in which there are two of each type of chromosomes present in the nucleus.

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3
Q

Haploid

A

Cellular condition in where there is one of each type of chromosomes present in the nucleus.

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division resulting in daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

Nuclear division resulting in the daughter cells having half as many chromosomes, but the same types, as the parent cell; a reduction division, from the diploid to the haploid condition.

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6
Q

Chromatid

A

A replicated chromosome, still attached to the original at the centromere.

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7
Q

tetrad

A

Homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, lying side by side.

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8
Q

Chiasma (Plural Chiasmata)

A

Connection between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, where interchange occurs during crossing over.

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9
Q

Autosome

A

Non-sex linked chromosome.

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10
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes carrying information that determines the sex of the individual.

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11
Q

X Chromosome

A

Female sex chromosome in vertebrates and some other animals.

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12
Q

Y Chromosome

A

Male sex chromosome in vertebrates and some other animals.

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13
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Formation of gametes.

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of spermatozoa in animals.

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15
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of ova in animals.

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16
Q

Spermatogonium (Plural Spermatogonia)

A

Germ (or stem) cell in a layer lining the tubules in the testes.

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17
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

Diploid cell formed from mitosis of a spermatogonium, which undergoes meiosis I to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes.

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18
Q

Secondary Spermatocyte

A

Haploid cell that undergoes meiosis II to form spermatids.

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19
Q

Spermatid

A

Immature spermatozoon.

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20
Q

Sertoli Cell

A

Cells in the epithelium of tubules of the mammalian testes that protect and nourish the developing spermatozoa.

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21
Q

Spermatozoon (Plural Spermatozoa)

A

Small, motile male gamete.

22
Q

Ovum

A

Haploid female gamete.

23
Q

Oogonium

A

A small diploid cell in the ovary that forms a primary oocyte in the female foetus.

24
Q

Primary oocyte

A

A diploid cell developed by an ovarian germ cell in mammals, which may later develop into a ovum.

25
Q

Primary Follicle

A

A single-layered structure in the mammalian ovary containing the primary oocyte.

26
Q

Secondary Oocyte

A

A large haploid cells produced during meiosis I of the primary oocyte.

27
Q

Polar Body

A

Small haploid cell produced from both meiosis I and II during oogenesis as a result of uneven cell division.

28
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of the secondary oocyte that has started meiosis II from the ovary.

29
Q

Gene Linkage

A

Location of genes on the same chromosome.

30
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more forms of a gene located in equivalent positions on homologous chromosomes.

31
Q

Homozygous

A

Describes a condition in which both alleles for the egene are the same.

32
Q

Heterozygous

A

Each allele for the characteristic exhibiting a different expression.

33
Q

recessive Allele

A

An allele found on a chromosome that can be masked by its dominant form in the heterozygous condition; can be autosomal or sex-linked.

34
Q

Dominant Allele

A

An allele for a gene that overrides the effects of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition; can be autosomal or sex-linked.

35
Q

Dominant Trait

A

The particular trait of a characteristic that is expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual.

36
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual.

37
Q

Phenotype

A

Actual expression of the genotype.

38
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Mendelian law that states that genes for a characteristic occur in pairs in an individual, once inherited from each parent, and when the reproductive cells are formed.

39
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Mendelian law that states the each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when egenes for two traits are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.

40
Q

Crossing Over

A

Breaking and rejoining, with exchange of DNA, between non-sister adjacent chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.

41
Q

Recombinant Gametes

A

Gametes produced as a result of crossing over of the chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

42
Q

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

A

A complex series of procedures used to assist with the conception of a child, where mature eggs are collected from the ovaries and fertilised by sperm in a laboratory.

43
Q

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

A

A procedure used prior to implantation to help identify genetic defects with embryos.

44
Q

Preimplantation Genetic Screening (PGS)

A

The set of techniques for testing whether embryos (obtained through IVF) have abnormal chromosome numbers.

45
Q

Ultrasound

A

A type of imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves.

46
Q

Amnoicentesis

A

A surgical procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac in the uterus of a pregnant woman.

47
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

A prenatal test in which a sample of chorionic villi is removed from the placenta for testing.

48
Q

Fetoscopy

A

Technique for looking directly at the foetus within the uterus (using an endoscope).

49
Q

Endoscope

A

A lighted optical instrument that is used to look inside the body.

50
Q

Gene Probe

A

A single-stranded DNA or RNA fragment used in genetic engineering to search for a particular gene or other DNA sequence.

Biology (14 decks)

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