Cellular Reactions to Injury: Apoptosis and Adaptations Flashcards
what is autophagy
- cellular autodigestive system
- transfer of cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation
purpose of autophagy
rids cells of misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and microbes
autophagy is one of the most important survival responses to
- starvation
- the starving cell reallocates nutrients from unnecessary processes to more essential ones
how are normal endogenous substances produced
at a normal or increased rate, but the rate of metabolism is inadequate to remove it (liver fatty change)
why would normal endogenous substances accumulate
because of defects in enzymes responsible for its metabolism (lysosomal storage disease)
how are abnormal substances accumulated
- endogenous misfolded proteins are a produce by a mutated gene (alpha 1- antitrypsin)
- exogenous ingestion of non-metabolizable materials (Silica, carbon, etc)
what is steatosis (fatty change)
the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides
what organ is steatosis seen in
liver bc it is the major organ involved in fat metabolism
what is the most common cause of steatosis
- alcohol abuse
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- obesity
- diabetes
disorders in cholesterol metabolism leads to what
accumulation of cholesterol which is seen in multiple disease processes
ex. cholesterol granuloma, xanthomas
what happens with atherosclerotic plaques
-cholesterol and cholesterol esters accumulate in smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the intimal layer of large arteries
what is characteristic of advanced atherosclerosis
yellow cholesterol-laden atheromas
what is glycogen
an energy source
where is glycogen stored
in the cytoplasm of healthy cells
disorders in glucose or glycogen metabolism can lead to
excessive intracellular deposits of glycogen
in DM where is glycogen found
in renal, liver, heart muscle cells
glycogen storage disease can cause
massive glycogen accumulation and cause cell injury and death
in DM glycogen can accumulate in renal tubular epithelial cells and cause
nodular glomerulosclerosis
name 2 exogenous pigments
- carbon (coal dust)
2. Tattooing
what is the most common exogenous pigment
carbon (coal dust)
what is carbon (coal dust) pigment
- present as air pollutants
- inhaled and engulfed by macrophages within the alveoli and transported through lymphatic channels to the regional lymph nodes
what can carbon (coal dust) lead to
anthracosis of lung and lymph nodes
what are tattooing pigments
- an exogenous pigmentation
- pigments are engulfed by macrophages but are not degraded
do tattooing pigments evoke an inflammatory response
Not usually