Cellular Physiology

Question 1

Functions of intracellular organelles

Answer 1

1. Synthesis of secretory products
2. detoxification and processing intracellular material
3. Autodigestion as part of apoptosis
4. Calcium metabolism
5. Vesicle transport via endocytosis or exocytosis
6. Energy metabolism and the mitochondira
   7.

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 3

A sequence of nucleotides in the DNA gets translated into a _________ .

Answer 3

sequence of amio acids in proteins

Question 4

DNA is contained in the ______ and codes for ______.

Answer 4

nucelous, proteins

Question 5

What kinds of proteins?

Answer 5

proteins that regulate gene expression
structural genes
enzymes
secretory products

Question 6

Secretory product is a protein…

Answer 6

Gene in the nucleus is transcribed to an RNA molecule > messenger RNA molecule diffuse out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm > Rough ER contains ribosomes on its surgace > ribosomes organelles for synthesizing proteins > as amino acid sequence is put together, peptide feeds into the rER and the finished product is packaged into a vesicle.

Question 7

where are secretory protein synthesizing organelles and enzymes located

Answer 7

cytoplasm

Question 8

molecular chaperones

Answer 8

guide the folding of proteins and prevent newly synthesized proteins from forming inappropriate protein aggregates

Question 9

Characterization of a disease caused by a mutation in chaparonin protein

Answer 9

loss of protein structure/function and protein aggregates

Question 10

Secretory product is a lipid

Answer 10

enzymes within the smooth ER synthesize the lipid molecules. Depending on the size the lipid may be incorporated into a vesicle or diffuse out of the cell

Question 11

Vesicles from the rER and sER are transported to ______.

Answer 11

Golgi apparatus

Question 12

Two sides of the golgi apparatus

Answer 12

cis face - receiving vesicles

trans face - releasing vesicles

Question 13

Function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 13

puts lipids and proteins together and/or adds carbohydrate groups to the moleculs made by the ER

Question 14

Synthesized molecules are repackaged by golgi and sorted according to _____.

Answer 14

destination

Question 15

Vesicles are released at the appropriate time in response to the appropriate ____.

Answer 15

signal

Question 16

With the appropriate signal contents of the vesicles are released by ______. a signal is

Answer 16

exocytosis

increase in intracellular ca

Question 17

lipid membrane of vesicle fuses with lipid membrane of cell membrane and what occurs?

Answer 17

\contents of vesicle released into exracellular fluid.

Question 18

in addition to making secretory products the endomembrane system is also responsible for

Answer 18

adding to and renewing the plasma membrane

Question 19

Endocytosis

Answer 19

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Question 20

pinocytosis

Answer 20

cell drinking

Question 21

phagocytossi

Answer 21

cell eating

Question 22

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 22

• receptors are located in pits ready for vesicle formation
• when a ligand binds to its receptor, proteins (clathrins are activated)
• clarthrins are on the intracellular face of the pits and facilitate endocytosis process

Question 23

Detoxification and processing intracellular material

Answer 23

a. cells are able to surround incoming material with membrane and ingest it
b. ingested material in a vesicle = endosome
c. free radical processing

Question 24

Endosome directed toward a lysosome or proteasome with help of proteins callled

Answer 24

ubiquitins

Question 25

ubiquitin

Answer 25

molecular chaperone

Question 26

_______ in lysosomes diget material witin endosome

Answer 26

hydroluytic enzumes

Question 27

products of digestion

Answer 27

reused in the cell or released into ECF

Question 28

free radical

Answer 28

molecule with an unparied electron in its outer shell. Very reactive. Damage proteins, DNA and lipids.

Question 29

endogenous free radical

Answer 29

generated from fat metabolism, fighting infections, reperfusion injuries

Question 30

exogenous

Answer 30

pollution, cigarette smoke

Question 31

peroxisomes

Answer 31

free radicals can produce a substance called peroxide (h202) which can lead to the production of other free radicals
-helps neutralizes free radical cascades

Question 32

perioxidase

Answer 32

catalase breaks down h202

Question 33

free radical processing by mitochondria

Answer 33

02 can react with other 02 molecules to form free radicals like superoxide. Superoxide dismutase in mitochondria neutralizes free radicals. xanthine oxidase is an enzyme that produces free radicals especially after periods of hypoxia and reperfusion.