Cellular Physiology Flashcards
Functions of intracellular organelles
- Synthesis of secretory products
- detoxification and processing intracellular material
- Autodigestion as part of apoptosis
- Calcium metabolism
- Vesicle transport via endocytosis or exocytosis
- Energy metabolism and the mitochondira
7.
Gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
A sequence of nucleotides in the DNA gets translated into a _________ .
sequence of amio acids in proteins
DNA is contained in the ______ and codes for ______.
nucelous, proteins
What kinds of proteins?
proteins that regulate gene expression
structural genes
enzymes
secretory products
Secretory product is a protein…
Gene in the nucleus is transcribed to an RNA molecule > messenger RNA molecule diffuse out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm > Rough ER contains ribosomes on its surgace > ribosomes organelles for synthesizing proteins > as amino acid sequence is put together, peptide feeds into the rER and the finished product is packaged into a vesicle.
where are secretory protein synthesizing organelles and enzymes located
cytoplasm
molecular chaperones
guide the folding of proteins and prevent newly synthesized proteins from forming inappropriate protein aggregates
Characterization of a disease caused by a mutation in chaparonin protein
loss of protein structure/function and protein aggregates
Secretory product is a lipid
enzymes within the smooth ER synthesize the lipid molecules. Depending on the size the lipid may be incorporated into a vesicle or diffuse out of the cell
Vesicles from the rER and sER are transported to ______.
Golgi apparatus
Two sides of the golgi apparatus
cis face - receiving vesicles
trans face - releasing vesicles
Function of the Golgi apparatus
puts lipids and proteins together and/or adds carbohydrate groups to the moleculs made by the ER
Synthesized molecules are repackaged by golgi and sorted according to _____.
destination
Vesicles are released at the appropriate time in response to the appropriate ____.
signal
With the appropriate signal contents of the vesicles are released by ______. a signal is
exocytosis
increase in intracellular ca
lipid membrane of vesicle fuses with lipid membrane of cell membrane and what occurs?
\contents of vesicle released into exracellular fluid.
in addition to making secretory products the endomembrane system is also responsible for
adding to and renewing the plasma membrane
Endocytosis
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
pinocytosis
cell drinking
phagocytossi
cell eating
receptor mediated endocytosis
- receptors are located in pits ready for vesicle formation
- when a ligand binds to its receptor, proteins (clathrins are activated)
- clarthrins are on the intracellular face of the pits and facilitate endocytosis process
Detoxification and processing intracellular material
a. cells are able to surround incoming material with membrane and ingest it
b. ingested material in a vesicle = endosome
c. free radical processing
Endosome directed toward a lysosome or proteasome with help of proteins callled
ubiquitins
