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Clinical Physiology I > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

two types of energy

A

potential and kinetic

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

ex. blood moving through a vessel or a power stroke in skeletal muscle

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4
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy as found in a chemical bond or an electrochemical gradient

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5
Q

law of thermodynamics

A
  1. energy is not created or destroyed but converted from one from to another
  2. energy conversions are never perfect because each conversion require some of that energy being lost as heat
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6
Q

Atoms

-structure, size, mole

A

structure: three atomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons)
size: atomic number (protons) and atomic weight (protons and neutrons)
Mole: avogardo’s #

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7
Q

Molecule

A

specific arrangement of atoms bonded together

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8
Q

covalent bonds

A

strongest chemical bonds in which atoms share electrons

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9
Q

Enzymes are needed for _____ to be formed or cleaved

A

covalent bonds

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10
Q

ionic bonds result from

A

electrostatic attraction between negatively and positively charged ions

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11
Q

______ are able to dissociate ionic bonds

A

Aqueous solutions

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12
Q

Weakest of bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

result in an uneven distribution of electonegativity within polar molecules

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14
Q

Ions are charged particles formed from _________ .

A

ionization (loss or gain of electrons)

ex: Na+, Cl-, NH4+, COO-

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15
Q

Free radicals

A

molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer shell

ex. super oxide, nitric oxide

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16
Q

Harmful free radicals are neutralized by _____.

A

antioxidants

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17
Q

Nitric oxide (within healthy limits) has 3 important actions

A

signaler, neurotransmitter, and second messenger

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18
Q

Why are polar molecules highly water soluble?

A

because they have an uneven distibution of electro-negativity

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19
Q

Polar molecule solubility

A

highly water soluble. able to form hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

why is water an excellent solvent

A

because it is a polar molecule

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21
Q

what % is water of TBW

A

50-65%

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22
Q

Infants have a higher or lower water percentage?

A

higher 75%

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23
Q

Men or women have a higher percentage of TBW?

A

Men. This is d/t the higher fast stores women have.

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24
Q

Most water is contained ______.

A

intracellularly (60%)

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25
Q

chemical reaction that add water to break a bond

A

hydrolysis

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26
Q

chemical reaction that removes water to make a bond

A

dehydration synthesis

27
Q

pH

A

measure of hydrogen ion concentration. The negative log of H+ concentration in molar

28
Q

As H+ ion concentration increases, pH ______.

A

decreases

29
Q

one unit change in pH is a _____ fold change in H+ ion concentration

A

10 fold

30
Q

proteins are made of

A

amino acids

31
Q

how many different amino acids are found in animals

A

20

32
Q

Hydrophobic amino acid

A

nonpolar, noncharged

33
Q

hydrophillic amino acid

A

polar, charged

34
Q

The sequence of amino acids within a protein is ______ determined.

A

genetically

35
Q

3D shape is a proteins conformation and is dependent on

A

temperature, ph, and electrolyte concentration of the environment

36
Q

Denaturing

A

when the 3D shape is lost due to extreme conditions such as high temperature or salt concentration. Due to the loss of hydrogen bonding

37
Q

enzymes

A

globular proteins that function as biological catalysts

38
Q

function of the enzyme

A

speed up a reaction rates

39
Q

how do enzymes speed up reactions rates

A
  • increasing frequency of collisions
  • decreasing the activation energy
  • providing the correct orientation
40
Q

catalysts

A

only speed up thermodynamicaly favorable reactions. They cannot cause thermodynamically unfavorable reactions

41
Q

kinases

A

a group of enzymes that add a phosphate group

42
Q

How enzymes work

A

enzymes have an active site that join with the substrate to catalyze the reaction but is left unaffected by the reaction.

43
Q

biological regulation of reactions occurs through…

A

regulating enzymes and sometimes through regulation of cofactors like ca+,mg+ and vitamins

44
Q

Other functions proteins provide (besides enzymes)

A

structural - hair, skin, membranes
antibodies
transport - hemoglobin, myoglobin
glycoproteins - COH chains on serine and theronine residues

45
Q

Carbohydrates (COH)

A

large variety of molecules for food and for structure (mostly in plants)

46
Q

what is broken down to generate ATP in glycolysis and kreb cycle

A

glucose (fructose and galactose)

47
Q

carbohydrates group on _____ and ______ to generate more complex structure (particularly in membrane proteins)

A

proteins and lipid

48
Q

Glycogen

A

an animal storage molecule in liver and skeletal muscle

49
Q

Lipids

A

nonpolar bonds making the molecules hydrophobic.

50
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

glyercol molecule and 3 fatty acids

51
Q

triglyceride function

A

main energy storage molecule, insulation and cushioning

52
Q

saturated TGLS structure

A

all single bonds within their carbon chains (easier to convert to cholesterol)

53
Q

saturated to unsaturated

A

double bonds are added

54
Q

phospholipids

A

composed of a 3 carbon glycerol, 2 fatty acids and inorganic phosphate
ampiphathic (part hydrophobic and part hydrophillic)

55
Q

Main component of the lip bilaryer and major component in surfactant

A

phospholipids

56
Q

Why do phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers?

A

there amphipathic nature

57
Q

steroids structure

A

4 righ cholesterol derivatives

58
Q

steroids function

A

modify stiffness of lipid bilayers and also function as hormones

59
Q

eicosanoids

A

chemical messengers that coordinate local inflammatory events

60
Q

what is a derivatives of arachadonic aicd

A

eicosanoids

ex. prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes

61
Q

Nucleic acids structure

A

nitorgenous base, pentose and phosphate

62
Q

DNA, RNA

A

genetic code is the directions for making every protein in the body

63
Q

high energy compounds

A

ATP
NAD and FADH - H+ carrier
coenzyme A (coA) - carrier in the kreb cycel
creatine phosphate - substrate phophorylation

Clinical Physiology I (3 decks)

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