Biochemistry

Question 1

What is energy

Answer 1

the ability to do work

Question 2

two types of energy

Answer 2

potential and kinetic

Question 3

kinetic energy

Answer 3

energy in motion

ex. blood moving through a vessel or a power stroke in skeletal muscle

Question 4

potential energy

Answer 4

stored energy as found in a chemical bond or an electrochemical gradient

Question 5

law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

1. energy is not created or destroyed but converted from one from to another
2. energy conversions are never perfect because each conversion require some of that energy being lost as heat

Question 6

Atoms

-structure, size, mole

Answer 6

structure: three atomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons)
size: atomic number (protons) and atomic weight (protons and neutrons)
Mole: avogardo’s #

Question 7

Molecule

Answer 7

specific arrangement of atoms bonded together

Question 8

covalent bonds

Answer 8

strongest chemical bonds in which atoms share electrons

Question 9

Enzymes are needed for _____ to be formed or cleaved

Answer 9

covalent bonds

Question 10

ionic bonds result from

Answer 10

electrostatic attraction between negatively and positively charged ions

Question 11

______ are able to dissociate ionic bonds

Answer 11

Aqueous solutions

Question 12

Weakest of bonds

Answer 12

hydrogen bonds

Question 13

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 13

result in an uneven distribution of electonegativity within polar molecules

Question 14

Ions are charged particles formed from _________ .

Answer 14

ionization (loss or gain of electrons)

ex: Na+, Cl-, NH4+, COO-

Question 15

Free radicals

Answer 15

molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer shell

ex. super oxide, nitric oxide

Question 16

Harmful free radicals are neutralized by _____.

Answer 16

antioxidants

Question 17

Nitric oxide (within healthy limits) has 3 important actions

Answer 17

signaler, neurotransmitter, and second messenger

Question 18

Why are polar molecules highly water soluble?

Answer 18

because they have an uneven distibution of electro-negativity

Question 19

Polar molecule solubility

Answer 19

highly water soluble. able to form hydrogen bonds

Question 20

why is water an excellent solvent

Answer 20

because it is a polar molecule

Question 21

what % is water of TBW

Answer 21

50-65%

Question 22

Infants have a higher or lower water percentage?

Answer 22

higher 75%

Question 23

Men or women have a higher percentage of TBW?

Answer 23

Men. This is d/t the higher fast stores women have.

Question 24

Most water is contained ______.

Answer 24

intracellularly (60%)

Question 25

chemical reaction that add water to break a bond

Answer 25

hydrolysis

Question 26

chemical reaction that removes water to make a bond

Answer 26

dehydration synthesis

Question 27

pH

Answer 27

measure of hydrogen ion concentration. The negative log of H+ concentration in molar

Question 28

As H+ ion concentration increases, pH ______.

Answer 28

decreases

Question 29

one unit change in pH is a _____ fold change in H+ ion concentration

Answer 29

10 fold

Question 30

proteins are made of

Answer 30

amino acids

Question 31

how many different amino acids are found in animals

Answer 31

20

Question 32

Hydrophobic amino acid

Answer 32

nonpolar, noncharged

Question 33

hydrophillic amino acid

Answer 33

polar, charged

Question 34

The sequence of amino acids within a protein is ______ determined.

Answer 34

genetically

Question 35

3D shape is a proteins conformation and is dependent on

Answer 35

temperature, ph, and electrolyte concentration of the environment

Question 36

Denaturing

Answer 36

when the 3D shape is lost due to extreme conditions such as high temperature or salt concentration. Due to the loss of hydrogen bonding

Question 37

enzymes

Answer 37

globular proteins that function as biological catalysts

Question 38

function of the enzyme

Answer 38

speed up a reaction rates

Question 39

how do enzymes speed up reactions rates

Answer 39

- increasing frequency of collisions - decreasing the activation energy - providing the correct orientation

Question 40

catalysts

Answer 40

only speed up thermodynamicaly favorable reactions. They cannot cause thermodynamically unfavorable reactions

Question 41

kinases

Answer 41

a group of enzymes that add a phosphate group

Question 42

How enzymes work

Answer 42

enzymes have an active site that join with the substrate to catalyze the reaction but is left unaffected by the reaction.

Question 43

biological regulation of reactions occurs through...

Answer 43

regulating enzymes and sometimes through regulation of cofactors like ca+,mg+ and vitamins

Question 44

Other functions proteins provide (besides enzymes)

Answer 44

structural - hair, skin, membranes antibodies transport - hemoglobin, myoglobin glycoproteins - COH chains on serine and theronine residues

Question 45

Carbohydrates (COH)

Answer 45

large variety of molecules for food and for structure (mostly in plants)

Question 46

what is broken down to generate ATP in glycolysis and kreb cycle

Answer 46

glucose (fructose and galactose)

Question 47

carbohydrates group on _____ and ______ to generate more complex structure (particularly in membrane proteins)

Answer 47

proteins and lipid

Question 48

Glycogen

Answer 48

an animal storage molecule in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 49

Lipids

Answer 49

nonpolar bonds making the molecules hydrophobic.

Question 50

Triglyceride structure

Answer 50

glyercol molecule and 3 fatty acids

Question 51

triglyceride function

Answer 51

main energy storage molecule, insulation and cushioning

Question 52

saturated TGLS structure

Answer 52

all single bonds within their carbon chains (easier to convert to cholesterol)

Question 53

saturated to unsaturated

Answer 53

double bonds are added

Question 54

phospholipids

Answer 54

composed of a 3 carbon glycerol, 2 fatty acids and inorganic phosphate ampiphathic (part hydrophobic and part hydrophillic)

Question 55

Main component of the lip bilaryer and major component in surfactant

Answer 55

phospholipids

Question 56

Why do phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers?

Answer 56

there amphipathic nature

Question 57

steroids structure

Answer 57

4 righ cholesterol derivatives

Question 58

steroids function

Answer 58

modify stiffness of lipid bilayers and also function as hormones

Question 59

eicosanoids

Answer 59

chemical messengers that coordinate local inflammatory events

Question 60

what is a derivatives of arachadonic aicd

Answer 60

eicosanoids | ex. prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes

Question 61

Nucleic acids structure

Answer 61

nitorgenous base, pentose and phosphate

Question 62

DNA, RNA

Answer 62

genetic code is the directions for making every protein in the body

Question 63

high energy compounds

Answer 63

ATP NAD and FADH - H+ carrier coenzyme A (coA) - carrier in the kreb cycel creatine phosphate - substrate phophorylation