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Haemodynamics > Cellular Phsiology > Flashcards

Cellular Phsiology Flashcards

1
Q

Normal adult water intake

A

2500ml water per day

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2
Q

Fluid balance primary intake and loss

A

Intake = digestive tract
Loss = kidneys, skin, exhalation

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3
Q

Hypernatremia & body stimulation

A

increased sodium (Excessive water loss)
thirst & release of anti-diuretic hormone

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4
Q

3 key processes to maintaining homeostasis

A

1) fluid balance
2) electrolyte balance
3) acid - base balance

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5
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

Molecule that conducts electricity when dissolved in water

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6
Q

Positive charged ion

A

Cation

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7
Q

Negative charged ion

A

Anion

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8
Q

What is a non-electrolyte

A

Compound that do not dissociate into ions in water e.g glucose, oxygen

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9
Q

Diffusion is …

A

passive movement of molecules or atoms from high concentration into low concentration, not requiring energy

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10
Q

Osmosis is …

A

water molecules moving through semipermeable membrane from high concentration into low concentration

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11
Q

What is osmotic pressure ?

A

water drawing, water is drawn towards a membrane that contains solutes not able to diffuse across
the higher the number of solutes the higher the strength of pulling pressure

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12
Q

Active transport is …

A

Movement of compounds against a concentration gradient requiring ATP
E.G sodium/potassium pump

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13
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules passing though a plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration using the help of a transport molecule, requiring no energy

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14
Q

normal pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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15
Q

acidosis is

A

pH less than 7.35 due to donation/release of hydrogen ions

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16
Q

alkalosis is ..

A

pH above 7.45 due to accepting hydrogen ions

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17
Q

A Buffer system is …

A

one or more compounds that act to resist change in pH

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18
Q

How do buffer systems work to change pH

A

Increased pH = release of hydrogen into blood
Decreased pH = removal of hydrogen from the blood

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19
Q

How do buffer systems work to correct pH

A

Increased = release hydrogen into the blood
Decreased = removal of hydrogen from the blood

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20
Q

What are the 3 buffer systems :

A

1) Bicarbonate buffer system
2) protein buffer system
3) phosphate buffer system

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21
Q

Equation for bicarbonate buffer system

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = (HCO3)- + H+
OR
Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid = Bicarbonate + Hydrogen

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22
Q

Where is protein buffer system located?

A

Intracellular fluid and plasma

23
Q

Where does bicarbonate buffer system operate

A

Extracellular fluid

24
Q

How does the protein buffer system work?

A

When pH decreases amino group takes up hydrogen ions
When pH increases carboxyl group releases hydrogen

25
Q

When is the phosphate buffer system located ?

A

intracellular fluid and renal tubules

26
Q

Phosphate buffer system equation

A

H2PO4- = H+ = HPO4-
OR
Dihydrogen Phosphate = hydrogen + hydrogen phosphate

27
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusodial

28
Q

3 mechanisms of capillary transport

A

1) diffusion
2) active transport
3) bulk flow (starlings law)

29
Q

What is starlings Law of capillaries

A

Rate and direction of fluid movement across the capillary membrane is determined by the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

30
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure excreted against capillary walls

31
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

difference in solute to water either side of semipermeable membrane (osmotic pressure gradient)

32
Q

What is blood osmotic pressure

A

Pressure created by concentration of colloidal proteins

33
Q

What is filtration

A

direct flow out of capillaries into interstitial space

34
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Direct flow into the capillaries from interstitial space

35
Q

What is net filtration pressure?

A

Overall pressure causing filtration

36
Q

What is starlings law equation?

A

Net filtration pressure = blood hydrostatic pressure - blood osmotic pressure
(measured in millimetre of mercury)

37
Q

movement between endothelial cells

A

Paracellular pathways

38
Q

movement through cells

A

Transendothelial pathway

39
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

40
Q

What does cardiac output measure ?

A

Amount of blood pumped around the body per minute (effectiveness of the heart)

41
Q

What are 3 sympathetic compensatory mechanisms?

A

1) increasing SV
2) increasing HR
3) peripheral vasoconstriction

42
Q

What is Frank Starlings Law

A

Hearts ability to change its force of contraction therefore stroke volume in response to changes in venous return

43
Q

What is preload

A

Force the stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction

44
Q

What is preload?

A

Amount of force the heart must exert to eject blood from ventricles upon contraction

45
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sense changes in bloods chemical composition

46
Q

What are baroreceptors ?

A

monitor BP by sending changes to pressure to stretch within blood vessels

47
Q

How do baroreceptors change BP

A

Decreased pressure = increased HR and vasoconstriction
Increased pressure = decreased HR and vasodilation

48
Q

What % of a normal person is water ?

A

60%

49
Q

What is the water % of ICF and ECF in a normal person?

A

ICF = 2/3 / 66%
ECF = 1/3 / 33%

50
Q

What are the 3 components of ECF and what % of them are water

A

1) Interstitial = 75%
2) Plasma = 21%
3) Transcellular = 4%

51
Q

What is interstitial space ?

A

Fluid surrounding cells and tissues

52
Q

What is plasma

A

Fluid held within blood vessels

53
Q

What is transcellular

A

Fluid created by epithelial cell linings which is released into certain areas

Haemodynamics (3 decks)

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