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Cancer Y2 > Cellular Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

Cellular Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaplasia

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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2
Q

What type of cell usually undergoes metaplasia

A

Epithelial

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3
Q

Give an example of metaplasia and what cell changes from what to what under what conditions

A

Barrett’s oesophagus from stratified squamous to simple columnar

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4
Q

What is dysplasia

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present, but the basement membrane is still intact (no invasion)

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5
Q

What is a key feature of dysplasia

A

Increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio

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6
Q

Four features of dysplasia

A

Loss of architectural orientation
Loss of uniformity of individual cells
Nuclei are hyperchromatic and enlarged
Mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where usually not found

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7
Q

What’re the 2 types of dysplasia? What are the differences

A

High and low grade
LOW = unlikely to develop into cancer
HIGH = likely to develop into cancer

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8
Q

What’s the differences between a tumour, neoplasia and malignancy

A

Nothing, they’re the same

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9
Q

Other words for tumour

A

Neoplasia/malignancy

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10
Q

5 features of benign tumours

A
  1. Do not invade or metastasise
  2. Are encapsulated
  3. Are usually well differentiated (look like the tissue they come from)
  4. Are slow growing (not many mitoses)
  5. Show normal mitoses
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11
Q

What 6 situations can make a benign tumour fatal, give an example of each

A
  1. They’re in a dangerous place e.g. meninges/pituitary
  2. Secretes something dangerous e.g. insulinoma
  3. Gets infected e.g. in bladder
  4. Bleeds e.g. stomach
  5. Ruptures e.g. liver adenoma
  6. Torts (twisted) e.g. ovarian cyst
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12
Q

What 6 features define a malignant tumour

A
  1. Invade surrounding tissues
  2. Spread to distant sites (metastasise)
  3. No capsule
  4. Well to poorly differentiated
  5. Rapidly growing
  6. Abnormal mitoses
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13
Q

What is a metastasis

A

A discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer

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14
Q

What can make the prognosis of a metastasis worse

A

Lymph node involvement

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15
Q

What does metastasis depend on

A

Lymphatic and vascular drainage of the site

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16
Q

What is a benign tumour called on the surface of epithelium

A

Papilloma

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17
Q

What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium called

A

Adenoma

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18
Q

What is a malignant tumour of glandular epithelium called

A

Adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

What is a malignant tumour of epithelium called

A

Carcinoma

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20
Q

What is a malignant squamous epithelium tumour called

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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21
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the urinary epithelium called

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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22
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the skin called

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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23
Q

What is a benign tumour of the bone called

A

Osteoma

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24
Q

What is a malignant tumour of mesenchymal cells called

A

Sarcoma

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25
Q

What are mesenchymal cells

A

Connective tissue stem cells

26
Q

What is a malignant fatty tumour called

A

Liposarcoma

27
Q

What is a malignant tumour of bone called

A

Osteocarcoma

28
Q

What is a malignant cartilaginous tumour called

A

Chondrosarcoma

29
Q

What is a malignant striated muscle tumour called

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

30
Q

What is a malignant smooth muscle tumour called

A

Leiomyosarcoma

31
Q

What is a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour called

A

Nerve sheath sarcoma

32
Q

What’s a malignant bone marrow cell tumour that circulates in the blood called

A

Leukaemia

33
Q

What is a malignant lymphocyte tumour that circulates in the lymph nodes called

A

Lymphoma

34
Q

What is a tumour from germ cells called

A

Teratomas

35
Q

In what conditions is a teratoma always malignant and in what conditions is it usually benign

A

In males it is always malignant in women it is benign usually

36
Q

What is a benign localised overgrowth of cells native to the organ called

A

Hamartoma

37
Q

What is the major feature of a hamartoma

A

Cells are mature but architecturally abnormal

38
Q

When is a hamartoma common

A

In children

39
Q

What is an anaplastic carcinoma

A

A mature cell which is not differentiated

40
Q

What can you use to assess the differentiation of a malignant tumour? Give examples

A

Evidence of normal function, e.g. production of keratin, mucin, bile or hormones

41
Q

What does tumour grade describe

A

Degree of differentiation

42
Q

What does the stage of tumour describe

A

How far it has spread

43
Q

What is more important in prognosis, stage or grade

A

Stage

44
Q

What is a mature cell which is not differentiated called

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

45
Q

What is a hamartoma

A

A benign localised overgrowth of cells native to the organ

46
Q

What is a teratoma

A

A tumour derived from germ cells, which have the potential to develop into tumours of all 3 germ cell layers

47
Q

What is leukaemia

A

A malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells white circulate in the blood

48
Q

What is lymphoma

A

A malignant tumour of lymphocytes (usually) in lymph nodes

49
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells

50
Q

What is a liposarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from fat cells

51
Q

What is an osteosarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from bone cells

52
Q

What is a chondrosarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from cartilage cells

53
Q

What is a rhabdomyosarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from striated muscle cells

54
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from smooth muscle cells

55
Q

What is a nerve sheath sarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from peripheral nerve sheath cells

56
Q

What is an osteoma

A

A benign bone soft tissue tumour

57
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from squamous epithelium

58
Q

What is a adenocarcinoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from glandular epithelium

59
Q

What is a transitional cell carcinoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from urinary epithelium

60
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from skin epithelium

61
Q

What is a papilloma

A

A benign tumour on the surface of epithelium

62
Q

What is an adenoma

A

A benign tumour on glandular epithelium

Cancer Y2 (15 decks)

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