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Cancer Y2 > Cellular Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

Cellular Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaplasia

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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2
Q

What type of cell usually undergoes metaplasia

A

Epithelial

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3
Q

Give an example of metaplasia and what cell changes from what to what under what conditions

A

Barrett’s oesophagus from stratified squamous to simple columnar

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4
Q

What is dysplasia

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present, but the basement membrane is still intact (no invasion)

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5
Q

What is a key feature of dysplasia

A

Increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio

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6
Q

Four features of dysplasia

A

Loss of architectural orientation
Loss of uniformity of individual cells
Nuclei are hyperchromatic and enlarged
Mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where usually not found

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7
Q

What’re the 2 types of dysplasia? What are the differences

A

High and low grade
LOW = unlikely to develop into cancer
HIGH = likely to develop into cancer

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8
Q

What’s the differences between a tumour, neoplasia and malignancy

A

Nothing, they’re the same

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9
Q

Other words for tumour

A

Neoplasia/malignancy

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10
Q

5 features of benign tumours

A
  1. Do not invade or metastasise
  2. Are encapsulated
  3. Are usually well differentiated (look like the tissue they come from)
  4. Are slow growing (not many mitoses)
  5. Show normal mitoses
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11
Q

What 6 situations can make a benign tumour fatal, give an example of each

A
  1. They’re in a dangerous place e.g. meninges/pituitary
  2. Secretes something dangerous e.g. insulinoma
  3. Gets infected e.g. in bladder
  4. Bleeds e.g. stomach
  5. Ruptures e.g. liver adenoma
  6. Torts (twisted) e.g. ovarian cyst
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12
Q

What 6 features define a malignant tumour

A
  1. Invade surrounding tissues
  2. Spread to distant sites (metastasise)
  3. No capsule
  4. Well to poorly differentiated
  5. Rapidly growing
  6. Abnormal mitoses
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13
Q

What is a metastasis

A

A discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer

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14
Q

What can make the prognosis of a metastasis worse

A

Lymph node involvement

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15
Q

What does metastasis depend on

A

Lymphatic and vascular drainage of the site

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16
Q

What is a benign tumour called on the surface of epithelium

A

Papilloma

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17
Q

What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium called

A

Adenoma

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18
Q

What is a malignant tumour of glandular epithelium called

A

Adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

What is a malignant tumour of epithelium called

A

Carcinoma

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20
Q

What is a malignant squamous epithelium tumour called

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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21
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the urinary epithelium called

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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22
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the skin called

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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23
Q

What is a benign tumour of the bone called

A

Osteoma

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24
Q

What is a malignant tumour of mesenchymal cells called

A

Sarcoma

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25
What are mesenchymal cells
Connective tissue stem cells
26
What is a malignant fatty tumour called
Liposarcoma
27
What is a malignant tumour of bone called
Osteocarcoma
28
What is a malignant cartilaginous tumour called
Chondrosarcoma
29
What is a malignant striated muscle tumour called
Rhabdomyosarcoma
30
What is a malignant smooth muscle tumour called
Leiomyosarcoma
31
What is a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour called
Nerve sheath sarcoma
32
What's a malignant bone marrow cell tumour that circulates in the blood called
Leukaemia
33
What is a malignant lymphocyte tumour that circulates in the lymph nodes called
Lymphoma
34
What is a tumour from germ cells called
Teratomas
35
In what conditions is a teratoma always malignant and in what conditions is it usually benign
In males it is always malignant in women it is benign usually
36
What is a benign localised overgrowth of cells native to the organ called
Hamartoma
37
What is the major feature of a hamartoma
Cells are mature but architecturally abnormal
38
When is a hamartoma common
In children
39
What is an anaplastic carcinoma
A mature cell which is not differentiated
40
What can you use to assess the differentiation of a malignant tumour? Give examples
Evidence of normal function, e.g. production of keratin, mucin, bile or hormones
41
What does tumour grade describe
Degree of differentiation
42
What does the stage of tumour describe
How far it has spread
43
What is more important in prognosis, stage or grade
Stage
44
What is a mature cell which is not differentiated called
Anaplastic carcinoma
45
What is a hamartoma
A benign localised overgrowth of cells native to the organ
46
What is a teratoma
A tumour derived from germ cells, which have the potential to develop into tumours of all 3 germ cell layers
47
What is leukaemia
A malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells white circulate in the blood
48
What is lymphoma
A malignant tumour of lymphocytes (usually) in lymph nodes
49
What is a sarcoma
Malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells
50
What is a liposarcoma
A malignant tumour derived from fat cells
51
What is an osteosarcoma
A malignant tumour derived from bone cells
52
What is a chondrosarcoma
A malignant tumour derived from cartilage cells
53
What is a rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant tumour derived from striated muscle cells
54
What is a leiomyosarcoma
A malignant tumour derived from smooth muscle cells
55
What is a nerve sheath sarcoma
A malignant tumour derived from peripheral nerve sheath cells
56
What is an osteoma
A benign bone soft tissue tumour
57
What is a squamous cell carcinoma
A malignant tumour derived from squamous epithelium
58
What is a adenocarcinoma
A malignant tumour derived from glandular epithelium
59
What is a transitional cell carcinoma
A malignant tumour derived from urinary epithelium
60
What is a basal cell carcinoma
A malignant tumour derived from skin epithelium
61
What is a papilloma
A benign tumour on the surface of epithelium
62
What is an adenoma
A benign tumour on glandular epithelium

Cancer Y2 (15 decks)

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