Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer Y2 > Cancer as a Disease - Skin Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer as a Disease - Skin Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

4 TYPES OF SKIN CANCER?

A
  1. Keratinocyte derived:
  2. Melanocyte derived
  3. Vasculature derived
  4. Lymphocyte derived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

e.g. of keratinocyte derived skin cancer? (2)

A

 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (most common skin cancers)

 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

e.g. of Melanocyte derived skin cancer?

A

 Malignant melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

e.g. of Vasculature derived skin cancer? (2)

A

 Kaposi’s sarcoma – derived from the endothelial cells of the lymphatics (common in HIV)
 Angiosarcoma – derived from endothelial cells of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

e.g. of Lymphocyte derived skin cancer?

A

 Mycosis fungoides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 causes of skin cancer?

A

Genetic conditions, viral infection, UV light and immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What genetic conditions can cause skin cancer?

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is the incidence of BCC increeasing

A

Ageing population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of UV is more significant in carcinogenesis

A

UVB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which is the most penetrating uv radiation

A

UVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does UV cause DNA damage

A

 Affects pyrimidines ie Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) bases, forms Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers e.g. T=T, T=C, C=C and 6-4 pyrimidine pyrimidone photoproducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What process usually repairs UV DNA damage

A

nucleotide excision repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does xeroderma pigmentosum cause skin cancer

A

defective Nucleotide Excision Repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 ways mutations can cause cancer?

A
  1. Mutations that stimulate uncontrolled cell proliferation e.g. abolishing control of the normal cell cycle (p53 gene)
  2. Mutations that alter responses to growth stimulating / repressing factors
  3. Mutations that inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are sunburn cells

A

Sun burn’ cells are apoptotic cells in UV overexposed skin

- Apoptosis removes UV damaged cells in the skin which might otherwise become cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What protein regulates to see if DNA is too damaged for skin cancer

A

p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What immunomodulatory effects does UV have

A

UVA and B deputed langerhans cells which reduces skin immunocompetence and immunosurveillance and increases cancer causing potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fitzpatrick phenotypes?

A

FITZPATRICK PHENOTYPES:
I - Always burns never tans
II - Usually burns, sometimes tans
III - Sometimes burns, usually tans
IV - Never burns, always tans
V - Moderate constitutive pigmentation - Asian
VI - Marked constitutive pigmentation – Afro-Caribbean
Basically, pale skin = burns, darker skin = doesn’t burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does skin colour depend on

A

amount and type of melanin produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does UV cause melanin production

A

 Dendritic processes on the melanocytes communicate with the keratinocytes
 Under UV light, the keratinocyte will make more MSH and this will have a paracrine effect on the melanocyte to make more melanin
 This is packaged etc. and used by keratinocytes to protect the nucleus from DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 types of melanin? which type is more common in whiteos

A
  1. Eumelanin – brown or black This is the one that pigments the skin
  2. Phaeomelanin – yellowish or reddish brown Pale people have more of this type
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What amino acid is used to form melanin

A

tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What gene controls melanin

A

MCR1

24
Q

What explains different hair and skin colours

A

The polymorphism of MCR1

25
Q

What is a MALIGNANT MELANOMA:

A

 Malignant tumour of the melanocytes

  • Melanocytes become abnormal
  • Atypical cells and architecture
26
Q

Causes of malignant melanoma

A
  • UV exposure

- Genetic factors

27
Q

Risk of metastasising?

A

Possible

28
Q

What is LENTIGO MALIGNA

A

MELANOMA IN SITU) Proliferation of malignant melanocytes within (and restricted to) the epidermis – no risk of metastasis as they haven’t penetrated the basement membrane

29
Q

what is invasion within a lentigo maligna known as

A

lentigo maligna melanoma

30
Q

SUPERFICIAL SPREADING MALIGNANT MELANOMA risk of metastasising?

A

there is an increased risk as there is usually invasion of the basement membrane

31
Q

What is the ABCDE rule in melanomas

A 
Asymmetry
Border irregular
Colour variation (dark brown-black)
Diameter >0.7mm and increasing
Erythema – losing of ability to make melanin in part of the tumour
32
Q

What is a nodular malignant melanoma

A

Vertical proliferation of malignant melanocytes with no previous horizontal growth, there is a risk of metastasis

33
Q

What is a superficial spreading malignant melanoma

A

Lateral proliferation of malignant melanocytes, invasion through the basement membrane, risk of metastasis

34
Q

What is a NODULAR MALIGNANT MELANOMA ARISING WITHIN A SUPERFICIAL SPREADING MALIGNANT MELANOMA

A

Downward proliferation of malignant melanocytes following previous horizontal growth

  • Nodule developing within irregular plaque
  • Prognosis will become worse
35
Q

What is a acral lentiginous melanoma

A

 Occur on the sole of the foot – these are the ones that occur in darker skinned individuals

36
Q

What is amelanotic melanoma

A

Melanoma lacking the ability to make melanin

37
Q

What is the prognosis of melanomas dependent on

A

Related to the thickness of the melanoma from the top of the lesion to the botton (in mm) Called BRESLOW THICKNESS

  • Less than 1mm = superficial
  • More than 1mm = deeper = higher risk of metastasis
38
Q

What is Breslows thickness

A

Melanomas relation of the prognosis to the thickness of the melanoma from the top of the lesion to the botton

39
Q

Risk factors of melanomas?

A 
family history
UV exposure
sunburns
intermittent burning exposure
skin type 1 and 2
history of melanoma
40
Q

What is SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:

A

Malignant tumour of keratinocytes

41
Q

What causes SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:

A
  • UV exposure
  • HPV
  • Immunosuppression
  • May occur in scars or scarring processes
42
Q

risk of metastasis of SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA?

A

Risk

43
Q

Male high risk sites of SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:

A

ears, lips, genitals

44
Q

Female high risk sites of SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:

A

legs

45
Q

What is Keratoacanthoma

A

benign tumour that can look like SCC

46
Q

what is basal cell carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour arising from basal layer of epidermis

47
Q

Risk of metastasis of basal cell carcinoma?

A

No risk

48
Q

Causes of basal cell carcinoma

A
  • Sun exposure

- Genetics

49
Q

Common area for a basal cell carcinoma?

A

face

50
Q

What is mycosis fungoides

A

If a lymphocyte restricted to tissue becomes cancerous and causes lymphoma in the skin it is called mycosis fungoides

51
Q

Presentation of mycosis fungoides

A

plaques and patches of erythematous scaley skin

52
Q

Metastasis risk of mycosis fungoides?

A

Metastasises but is slowly progressing

53
Q

What is Kaposis sarcoma

A

Tumour derived from lymph endothelium

54
Q

What drives Kaposis sarcoma

A

HHV8 virus

55
Q

What is EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERUCIFORMIS

A

Rare autosomal recessive condition with a predisposition to HPV induced warts and SCCs (think India elephant man)

Cancer Y2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions