Cellular Pathology

Question 1

name 2 chemical mediators of inflammation derived from cells.

Answer 1

histamine

prostaglandins

Question 2

name 2 chemical mediators of inflammation from the plasma.

Answer 2

heparin, plasmin

complement proteins

Question 3

what is oedema?

Answer 3

increased leaking of fluid through permeable capillaries into the interstitial space due to oncotic or hydrostatic pressures.

Question 4

what is exudate?

Answer 4

any fluid that filters slowly from the circulatory system into lesions or inflamed areas, normally rich in proteins.

Question 5

what is transudate?

Answer 5

not due to inflammation, liquid that has passed through a membrane especially through the wall of a capillary, has a lower protein content and lower cell count than exudate.

Question 6

what cells are involved in acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 6

neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

lymphocytes, macrophages

Question 7

what are the stages of healing and repair?

Answer 7

inflammation
proliferation
maturation

Question 8

what is healing by primary intention?

Answer 8

wound involves epidermis and dermis without total dermal penetration, wound edges can be brought together with sutures or tape.

Question 9

what is healing by secondary intention?

Answer 9

wound is allowed to granulate and contract and epithelialise by itself- for wider, deeper wounds.

Question 10

what are the stages of bone healing?

Answer 10

haematoma
fibroblast inflammatory response-granulation
chondroblasts from hyaline cartilage
woven bone
lamellar bone- cancellous bone remodelled to compact

Question 11

what is Virchow’s triad?

Answer 11

stasis/turbulence of blood flow
hypercoagulability
endothelial injury

Question 12

what is an embolus?

Answer 12

circulating bolus of matter- detached from an original source

Question 13

what is a thrombus?

Answer 13

matter that can cause a clot to form in a blood vessel

Question 14

what is an infarct?

Answer 14

localised area of ischaemic necrosis

Question 15

what is a haematoma?

Answer 15

collection of blood beneath an epithelium or membrane due to extravasation.

Question 16

what is hyperaemia?

Answer 16

increased redness due to perfusion

Question 17

what are petechiae?

Answer 17

smaller sub dermal collections of blood, caused by capillary haemorrhage e.g. puerperic rash, vasculitic

Question 18

what pharmacological interventions can be used for the treatment of arterial thrombosis?

Answer 18

LMWH- Dalteparin

TPA - tissue plasminogen activator- alteplase

Question 19

how can venous thrombosis in a hospital patient be avoided?

Answer 19

encouragement of early mobilisation and graduated compression stockings have been proven to reduce the risk of thrombosis.

Question 20

atheroma affects mainly which layer of the blood vessel wall?

Answer 20

tunica intima

Question 21

describe the stages of development of an atheromatous plaque

Answer 21

endothelial dysfunction/damage-espression of adhesion molecules- monocyte recruitment- macrophages and inflammatory cells- LDL ingested and oxidised by macrophages- foam cells- fatty streak formation in intima- growth into plaque of fatty deposition- release of growth factors causes smooth muscle growth in intima and fibrous tissue cap over plaque.

Question 22

main risk factors for atheroma development

Answer 22

hypertension
diabetes
dyslipidaemia
smoking
genetic susceptibility (familial hypercholesterolaemia)

Question 23

what are the causes of bowel infarction?

Answer 23

bowel obstruction- volvulus
mesenteric ischaemia- thromobosis
can cause peritonism and septicaemia.

Question 24

consequence of atheroma in aorta

Answer 24

aneurysm, cerebrovascular accident, iliac thrombosis

Question 25

consequence of atheroma in the coronary arteries

Answer 25

angina, MI

Question 26

consequence of atheroma in renal arteries

Answer 26

renal artery stenosis- hypertension | renal failure

Question 27

consequence of atheroma in cerebral arteries

Answer 27

berry aneurysm | CVA

Question 28

what are the different types of aneurysm?

Answer 28

true aneurysm- involves all three layers of the arterial wall false aneurysm- collection of blood leaking completely out of an artery or vein but confined next to the vessel by surrounding tissue (adventitia)- extravascular haematoma communicating with intravascular space saccular or spherical

Question 29

what causes dilatation of a vessel wall?

Answer 29

atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall making it less flexible and weakening it- inflammation, oxygen radicals, muscle cell apoptosis- high flow and pressure

Question 30

using Laplace's law explain why an enlarging aneurysm is dangerous?

Answer 30

a narrower lumen has increased wall tension- this means more flow will be forced into the wider and less tense aneurym- causing it to enlarge.

Question 31

what are the main features of prokaryotes?

Answer 31

``` single circular chromosome no nuclear envelope plasmids cell walls (except mycoplasma) 70s ribosomes no organelles can be flagellated ```

Question 32

list 4 commonly used techniques to identify and classify bacteria associated with an infection.

Answer 32

growth plate culture- maconkey agar- lactose fermenter. urease etc. Gram staining using crystal violet microscopy- shape and motility of bacterium genetic sequencing and PCR- rRNA or DNA analysis.

Question 33

what is the causative agent in Whooping cough and name its staining and shape.

Answer 33

Bordetella Pertussis- Gram negative coccobacillus.