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Anatomy 203 > Cellular organelles > Flashcards

Cellular organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are distinct structures inside cells

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2
Q

The size, shape, structure and abundance of organelles vary between the…

A

different cell types

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3
Q

What are organelles enclosed by?

A

Enclosed by 1 membrane, 2 membranes or no

membrane (non-membranous organelles)

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4
Q

What do organelles do?

A

Compartmentalize biochemical reactions

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5
Q

Describe the plasma membrane.

A

The plasma membrane is the boundary of the cell

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6
Q

What does the plasma membrane contain?

A

The cell contents

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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Three distinct layer : Two layers of fat and

one layer of protein.

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8
Q

Movement across the plasma membrane :

A

• A few molecules move freely
– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules
– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins

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9
Q

Name the membrane proteins and state what each membrane protein does.

A 
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyse production of substances
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10
Q

What is the cell?

A

The cell wall is an extra structure that surrounds the plasma membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria

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11
Q

What is the cell wall of plants, fungi and bacteria composed of?

A
  • Cellulose – Plants
  • Chitin – Fungi
  • Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
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12
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

A cytoplasm is viscous fluid containing organelle

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13
Q

Components of the cytoplasm :

A

– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– storage substances

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14
Q

The cytoskeleton is the…

A

framework of the cell

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15
Q

The cytoskeleton is made of 3 fibre types, namely :

A

– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments

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16
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

– mechanical support
– anchor organelles
– help move
substances

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17
Q

What do the cilia and flagella do?

A

They provide motility

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18
Q

Describe the cilia.

A

The cilia is short

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19
Q

What is the cilia used for?

A

Used to move substances

outside human cells

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20
Q

Describe the flagella.

A

The flagella are whip-like extensions

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21
Q

Where is the flagella found?

A

On sperm cells

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22
Q

The structure of the cilia and flagella :

A

The structure of the cilia and flagella is made by the bundles of microtubules enclosed within the plasma membrane

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23
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

Only in animal cells

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24
Q

Where are paired organelles found?

A

Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.

25
What roles do the centrioles play?
``` The centrioles play a role in : *building cilia and flagella *cellular division ```
26
What are membranous organelles?
Membranous organelles are functional components within the cytoplasm
27
What are membranous organelles bounded by?
Membranous organelles are bound by membranes
28
The nucleus is the...
brain of the cell
29
What is the nucleus bordered by?
A porous membrane - nuclear | envelope.
30
What does the nucleus contain?
Thin fibres of DNA and protein called Chromatin.
31
Describe the chromosomes in the nucleus.
Rod Shaped Chromosomes
32
The nucleus contains a ...
small round nucleolus that produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.
33
Describe ribosomes.
*Ribosomes are small non-membrane bound organelles *Either free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
34
What do ribosomes contain?
Two sub-units
35
The ribosome is the :
* Site of protein synthesis. | * Protein factory of the cell
36
The endoplasmic reticulum is a :
Complex network of | transport channels.
37
Name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum.
* Smooth | * Rough
38
What does each type of endoplasmic reticulum do?
``` 1. Smooth- ribosome free and functions in poison detoxification. 2. Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell. ```
39
What is the Golgi apparatus involved in?
The Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis of the plant cell wall
40
What is a Golgi apparatus? What does it do?
``` The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials out of the cell. ```
41
What does the Golgi apparatus work with?
The Golgi apparatus works with the ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum.
42
Describe the lysosome.
``` The lysosome is the a : • Recycling Centre – Recycle cellular debris • Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of digestive enzymes. ```
43
What is the internal pH of lysosomes?
pH = 5
44
What do lysosomes do?
Lysosomes aid in cell renewal and digests invaders
45
Describe the vacuole.
The vacuole is a sac that help in food digestion or help the cell maintain its water balance
46
Where are vacuoles found?
The vacuole is found mostly in plants and protists
47
What do bacteria-like organelles do?
They release and store energy
48
Name the types of bacteria-like organelles.
–Mitochondria (release energy) –Chloroplasts (store energy)
49
Describe the mitochondrion.
The mitochondrion is double membranous and it is the size of a bacterium
50
What does the mitochondrion contain?
The mitochondrion contains its own DNA; messenger DNA
51
What does the mitochondrion do?
``` • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) – Glucose – Fatty acids • Produces high energy compound ATP ```
52
What is the chloroplast derived from?
Derived from photosynthetic bacteria
53
What is the chloroplast?
The chloroplast is a solar energy capturing organelle – photosynthesis. Makes cellular food – glucose.
54
Describe the chloroplast.
The chloroplast has a double membrane
55
What does the centre section of the chloroplast contain?
Centre section contains | grana
56
What does the thylakoid of the chloroplast make up?
Thylakoid (coins) make up | the grana.
57
Describe the stroma.
Stroma - gel-like material | surrounding grana
58
Where is the chloroplast found?
Found in plants and algae.

Anatomy 203 (6 decks)

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