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Anatomy 203 > Cellular organelles > Flashcards

Cellular organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are distinct structures inside cells

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2
Q

The size, shape, structure and abundance of organelles vary between the…

A

different cell types

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3
Q

What are organelles enclosed by?

A

Enclosed by 1 membrane, 2 membranes or no

membrane (non-membranous organelles)

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4
Q

What do organelles do?

A

Compartmentalize biochemical reactions

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5
Q

Describe the plasma membrane.

A

The plasma membrane is the boundary of the cell

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6
Q

What does the plasma membrane contain?

A

The cell contents

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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Three distinct layer : Two layers of fat and

one layer of protein.

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8
Q

Movement across the plasma membrane :

A

• A few molecules move freely
– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules
– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins

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9
Q

Name the membrane proteins and state what each membrane protein does.

A 
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyse production of substances
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10
Q

What is the cell?

A

The cell wall is an extra structure that surrounds the plasma membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria

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11
Q

What is the cell wall of plants, fungi and bacteria composed of?

A
  • Cellulose – Plants
  • Chitin – Fungi
  • Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
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12
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

A cytoplasm is viscous fluid containing organelle

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13
Q

Components of the cytoplasm :

A

– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– storage substances

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14
Q

The cytoskeleton is the…

A

framework of the cell

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15
Q

The cytoskeleton is made of 3 fibre types, namely :

A

– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments

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16
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

– mechanical support
– anchor organelles
– help move
substances

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17
Q

What do the cilia and flagella do?

A

They provide motility

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18
Q

Describe the cilia.

A

The cilia is short

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19
Q

What is the cilia used for?

A

Used to move substances

outside human cells

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20
Q

Describe the flagella.

A

The flagella are whip-like extensions

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21
Q

Where is the flagella found?

A

On sperm cells

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22
Q

The structure of the cilia and flagella :

A

The structure of the cilia and flagella is made by the bundles of microtubules enclosed within the plasma membrane

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23
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

Only in animal cells

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24
Q

Where are paired organelles found?

A

Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.

25
Q

What roles do the centrioles play?

A 
The centrioles play a role in : 
*building cilia 
and flagella
*cellular 
division
26
Q

What are membranous organelles?

A

Membranous organelles are functional components within the cytoplasm

27
Q

What are membranous organelles bounded by?

A

Membranous organelles are bound by membranes

28
Q

The nucleus is the…

A

brain of the cell

29
Q

What is the nucleus bordered by?

A

A porous membrane - nuclear

envelope.

30
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Thin fibres of DNA
and protein called
Chromatin.

31
Q

Describe the chromosomes in the nucleus.

A

Rod Shaped Chromosomes

32
Q

The nucleus contains a …

A

small round
nucleolus that produces ribosomal RNA
which makes ribosomes.

33
Q

Describe ribosomes.

A

*Ribosomes are small non-membrane bound organelles

*Either free floating or
attached to the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.

34
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

Two sub-units

35
Q

The ribosome is the :

A
  • Site of protein synthesis.

* Protein factory of the cell

36
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is a :

A

Complex network of

transport channels.

37
Q

Name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • Smooth

* Rough

38
Q

What does each type of endoplasmic reticulum do?

A 
1. Smooth- ribosome 
free and functions in 
poison detoxification.
2. Rough - contains 
ribosomes and 
releases newly made 
protein from the cell.
39
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus involved in?

A

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis of the plant cell wall

40
Q

What is a Golgi apparatus? What does it do?

A 
The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened 
sacs that modifies, 
packages, stores, 
and transports 
materials out of the 
cell.
41
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus work with?

A

The Golgi apparatus works with the
ribosomes and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum.

42
Q

Describe the lysosome.

A 
The lysosome is the a : 
• Recycling Centre
– Recycle cellular debris
• Membrane bound 
organelle containing a 
variety of digestive 
enzymes.
43
Q

What is the internal pH of lysosomes?

A

pH = 5

44
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Lysosomes aid in cell renewal and digests invaders

45
Q

Describe the vacuole.

A

The vacuole is a sac that help in food digestion or help the cell maintain its water balance

46
Q

Where are vacuoles found?

A

The vacuole is found mostly in plants and protists

47
Q

What do bacteria-like organelles do?

A

They release and store energy

48
Q

Name the types of bacteria-like organelles.

A

–Mitochondria
(release energy)
–Chloroplasts
(store energy)

49
Q

Describe the mitochondrion.

A

The mitochondrion is double membranous and it is the size of a bacterium

50
Q

What does the mitochondrion contain?

A

The mitochondrion contains its own DNA; messenger DNA

51
Q

What does the mitochondrion do?

A 
• Break down fuel 
molecules (cellular
respiration)
– Glucose
– Fatty acids
• Produces high energy 
compound ATP
52
Q

What is the chloroplast derived from?

A

Derived from photosynthetic bacteria

53
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

The chloroplast is a solar energy capturing organelle – photosynthesis.
Makes cellular food – glucose.

54
Q

Describe the chloroplast.

A

The chloroplast has a double membrane

55
Q

What does the centre section of the chloroplast contain?

A

Centre section contains

grana

56
Q

What does the thylakoid of the chloroplast make up?

A

Thylakoid (coins) make up

the grana.

57
Q

Describe the stroma.

A

Stroma - gel-like material

surrounding grana

58
Q

Where is the chloroplast found?

A

Found in plants and algae.

Anatomy 203 (6 decks)

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