Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy Flashcards
What are the 3 main macronutrients needed for pregnancy?
Carbs (glucose), proteins (amino acids), and fats (fatty acids)
describe glycolysis
glucose enters and is transformed into 2 ATP and pyruvate
what is the outcome of glycolysis if oxygen is not present?
ATP and lactic acid
describe the citric acid cycle
pyruvate is transformed into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria and enters the cycle generating ATP, NADH AND FADH+
what are NADH and FADH?
electron donors
describe oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH enter and donate electrons to electron transport chain, electrons move across complexes and are converted into ATP at complex V resulting in 40 ATP
what is generated as a by product and leaking or damage occurs in glycolysis/citric acid cycle/ oxidative phosphorylation?
oxygen free radicals
When do oxygen free radicals cause damage to our body and what damage do they do?
oxygen free radicals cause damage when there is an imbalance in their favour if antioxidants are saturated, this causes oxidative stress and cell death
what can acetyl CoA be stored as?
fats or ketone bodies
what is average GWG?
10-12kg
What effect does metformin have on ATP production?
metformin stops complex I from working properly so electrons cannot be passed through to make ATP so stored glucose is used to make ATP instead
What decides what fraction nutrients mother and fetus use? Describe the process
placenta decides by secreting hormones into maternal system to change how mother uses nutrients and altering her food intake eg cravings
What molecule contains the nutrient transports?
STB
what molecules can passively pass through nutrient transporter?
O2 and CO2
What transporters does glucose use and which direction do they travel?
GLUT1 and GLUT3, follow concentration gradient
How do amino acids cross nutrient transports and which direction do they travel?
amino acids actively cross through many diff transporters, travel against concentration gradient
What form of fat can cross nutrient transporter?
fatty acids
What is the receptive protein on the placenta and what does it sense?
mTOR senses level of ATP molecules
