Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
Each amino acid in a protein is specified by a series of 3 bases in DNA and then by a series of 3 bases in mRNA called ________
A
codons
2
Q
Enzymes are only able to interact with a particular type of molecule called its ______
A
substrate
3
Q
An anti-codon is a 3 base sequence found in _____ RNA.
A
t
4
Q
Co-
A
with
5
Q
Sub-
A
under
6
Q
An-
A
without
7
Q
De-
A
undoing
8
Q
By definition, _____ is the capacity to change something. It is the ability to do work.
A
energy
9
Q
What compound is produced when a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule?
A
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
10
Q
The process of protein synthesis occurs in what part of the cell?
A
Cytoplasm
11
Q
What is the order in which the pathways occur during cellular respiration?
A
- Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
12
Q
A three-base sequence in mRNA is called a _____.
A
codon
13
Q
In a double-stranded molecule of DNA, complementary bases are bound together by _______ bonds.
A
hydrogen
14
Q
Which 3 classes of molecules can be metabolized to produce ATP?
A
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins
15
Q
Proteins called _____ control the rates of chemical reactions.
A
enzymes
16
Q
What energy storing molecule is produced using the energy released during cellular respiration?
A
ATP
17
Q
What is the name of the phase of protein synthesis in which the amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain?
A
Translation
18
Q
What is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases along a segment of DNA (a gene)?
A
the order of amino acids in a protein
19
Q
Sucrase –>
A
Sucrose
20
Q
Lactase –>
A
Lactose
21
Q
Maltase –>
A
Maltose
22
Q
The reaction called ____ is basically the opposite of dehydration synthesis.
A
hydrolysis
23
Q
True or False: Carbohydrates and lipids can be metabolized to produce ATP while proteins can not.
A
False. Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can catabolized to produce ATP.
24
Q
In a specific type of reaction called a ___ reaction, water is used to break down large polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and triglycerides into their subunits.
A
hydrolysis
25
Name the type of reaction by which large organic molecules such as glycogen and proteins are produced.
dehydration synthesis
26
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
to assemble nucleotide into RNA
27
The start codon, which is always at the beginning of an MRNA, is _____.
AUG
28
While DNA is housed in the ____ of a cell, protein synthesis (based on the genetic code) occurs in the ____ of a cell.
nucleus; cytoplasm
29
True or False: ATP is produced using energy released during cellular respiration.
True
30
During protein synthesis, the process occurring at the ribosomes is called ____.
translation
31
Transcription occurs in the ____; the building of mRNA using the DNA genetic template
nucleus
32
Translation occurs at the _____; using mRNA to assemble a protein
ribosomes
33
Lengths of mRNA that code for segments of a protein are called ____ while the segments that do not code for protein (and are spliced out prior to translation) are called ____.
exons; introns
34
What is the type of chemical reaction in which large organic molecules such as glycogen, triglycerides and proteins are broken down into their subunits during digestion?
hydrolysis
35
While the reaction called _____ breaks down molecules, the reaction ____ assembles larger molecules.
hydrolysis; dehydration synthesis
36
What enzyme builds mRNA during the process of transcription, forming the bonds between nucleotides as they are assembled?
RNA polymerase
37
Adenine binds with ____
Thymine
38
Cytosine binds with ____
Guanine
39
The type of nucleic acid that is in the form of a double helix is ___.
DNA
40
A gene is part of the genome that codes for one ____.
protein
41
The complete set of instructions for an organism is called a ____.
genome
42
What forms the "uprights" of a twisted DNA molecule?
alternating phosphate and sugar groups
43
True or False: It is possible to predict the sequence of one strand of DNA if we know the sequence of the complimentary strand.
True
44
What is the term of DNA that is in its loose thread-like configuration wrapped around histone proteins?
Chromatin
45
____ bases form the "rungs" of a DNA group
nitrogenous
46
Organelles called ___ are composed of rRNA and proteins.
ribosomes
47
The building blocks of both DNA and RNA are units called ____.
nucleotides
48
Any change in the structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of structure or function in the protein produced is called a(n) _____.
mutation
49
Following cell division, each newly formed cell needs to have the same genetic information (DNA) as the original cell. What process allows this to happen?
DNA replication
50
The term ___ refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in the body, involving the build up of and breaking down of molecules.
metabolism
51
What energy-carrying molecule is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions?
ATP
52
Proteins called ___ control the rate of chemical reactions.
enzymes
53
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids consists of building blocks called ____.
nucleotides
54
Building mRNA from the genetic code (DNA base sequence) is the process of ____.
transcription
55
Producing a protein based on the base-order of an mRNA is the process of ____.
translation
56
_____ respiration requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondrion.
aerobic
57
_____ respiration does not require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm
anaerobic
58
As blood glucose levels fall, stored molecules of ____ are catabolized releasing glucose into the blood.
glycogen
59
What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?
order of nucleotide bases within a gene
60
The genetic code is a system that enables the nucleotides found in _____ to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins.
DNA
61
The term ___ refers to the process of synthesizing mRNA within the nucleus of a cell.
transcription
62
List the 3 end products of cellular respiration.
Energy (ATP), Water, Carbon dioxide
63
In order for cellular respiration to occur, glucose and ____ are required.
oxygen
64
What is the name of the part of an enzyme molecule that combines with its substrate?
active site
65
Electrons released during the citric acid cycle are picked up by electron carriers and delivered to ____.
the electron transport chain
66
In joining 2 molecules by dehydration synthesis, a(n) ___ group is removed from one molecule and a(n) ____ from the other; a new chemical bond then forms between the molecules.
hydroxyl (-OH) & Oxygen (O2)
67
What kind of RNA carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
68
What is produced by the process of DNA replication?
Two complete DNA molecules; each with one old strand and one new strand
69
Which 2 molecules are the carriers of high-energy electrons?
NAH & FAD
70
What molecule is produced using excess glucose present after a meal? This molecule will later be broken down when blood glucose levels drop.
glycogen
71
What occurs during the process of transcription?
DNA is copied to produce RNA
72
When a chemical bond is broken, ___ is released.
energy
73
What is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases along a segment of DNA (a gene)?
the order of amino acids in a protein
74
The first set of reactions that occurs during cellular respiration is called ____.
glycolysis
75
During dehydration synthesis reaction, a hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule and a hydroxyl group is removed from the other, allowing formation of a new chemical bond. These released particles will then react to form ____, a byproduct of this type of reaction.
water
76
Glycolysis yields a net of ___ ATP molecules.
2
77
By what process is pyruvic acid converted to acetic acid during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration?
loss of one CO2 and two H+ ions
78
The ___ of the electron transport chain are found in the cristae of the mitochondria.
enzymes
79
During each citric acid cycle, __ carbon dioxide molecule(s) is/are produced for each citric acid molecule that goes through the cycle.
2
80
Within a gene, it is a series of __ (number) nucleotide bases that specifies each amino acid that will be build into a protein.
3
81
Name the two-carbon molecule that is formed during cellular respiration?
Acetyl CoA
82
The molecule called ___ enters the citric acid cycle during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration.
Acetyl CoA
83
Reaction rates along a metabolic pathway are often regulated by ___ feedback; as the product accumulates, it will inhibit the activity of enzymes early in the pathway, slowing the reaction rate.
negative
84
Energy can or cannot be created or destroyed.
cannot
85
Each molecule of ___ RNA binds to a specific amino acid.
transfer
86
Mutations that are caused by environmental agents are ___, while those caused by errors in replication are ___.
induced; spontaneous
87
The root word for air is ___.
aer-
88
Phosphorylation is the process of adding a(n) ____ to a molecule such as ADP.
phosphate
89
In cellular respiration, the specific metabolic pathway, or series of reactions, in which a molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvic acid is called ____.
glycolysis
90
The chemical bond that forms between two amino acids following dehydration synthesis is called a(n) ___ bond.
peptide
91
During the citric acid cycle ___ ATP molecule(s) is/are produced for each citric acid molecule that goes through the cycle.
1
92
What is the consequence of having only 20 amino acids when there are 64 possible codons?
some amino acids are associated with more than one codon
93
The final electron acceptor (carrier) for the aerobic respiration pathway is called ____.
oxygen
94
What process within cellular respiration is anaerobic?
glycolysis
95
A ____ reaction means an enzyme may catalyze the reaction in both directions.
reversible
96
A(n) ___ in the concentration of reactants will cause a(n) ___ in the rate of the chemical reaction.
increase; increase
97
The formation of a peptide bond is the result of what type of reaction?
dehydration synthesis
98
A genetic mutation occurs to the addition, subtraction or exchange of ___ in the gene's DNA sequence.
nucleotides
99
Why are enzymes able to function repeatedly, catalyzing multiple reactions?
they are not consumed during the reaction
100
The process of dehydration synthesis can build __ by connecting amino acids.
proteins
101
As a ribosome moves along and "reads" an mRNA strand, what type of molecule is build?
polypeptide
102
A series of chemical reactions called _____ pathways are enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a specific sequence.
metabolic
103
The anabolism of glycerol and three fatty acids produces a fat (lipid) molecule that is specifically known as ___.
triglyceride
104
Under aerobic conditions, what is the fate of the electrons carried by NADH?
they are delivered to the electron transport chain
105
What are transcription factors?
Proteins that move aside histones, exposing the starting point for genes in DNA
106
During translation, what is delivered by transfer RNA by the ribosomes to be used in protein synthesis?
amino acids
107
During the anaerobic phase of the breakdown of glucose, pyruvic acid is converted to ___ in the absence of oxygen.
lactic acid
108
The term ___ refers to any metabolic reaction that breaks relative complex molecules into less complex molecules and releases energy.
catabolism
109
Within an ATP molecule, which of these bonds contains the most energy?
bond between the second and third phosphate groups
110
Which one of the three phases of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol?
glycolysis
111
The process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA is called ___.
transcription
112
As a structure called a(n) ___ moves along an mRNA strand, new amino acids are added to the growing protein chain.
ribosome
113
Each codon on mRNA is complementary to the anticodon on a molecule of ___.
tRNA
114
The term for a sequence of 3 DNA nucleotide that codes for one amino acid is ___.
triplet code
115
What are the sources of electrons that enter the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
116
The type of reactions that causes the addition of energy are?
anabolic reactions
117
When is lactic acid produced during the process of cellular respiration?
When oxygen is not available
118
True or False: A change in nucleotide order, as would occur with a mutation, could lead to an altered protein structure.
True
119
DNA in its chromatin configuration is wound against clusters of globular proteins called ____.
histones
120
Some DNA base alterations do not result in production of an altered protein. The amino acid order does not change. Why?
Most amino acids are coded for by multiple codons. If the new DNA sequence still codes for the same amino acid, there is no change in the protein.
121
Where within the cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
122
Define the term mutagens.
agents that cause changes in the DNA base sequence
123
In an enzymatic reaction, the enzyme binds to its ___, catalyzing a reaction that will alter the molecule.
substrate
124
The most correct term for a chain of many amino acids (up to 50) is the term ___.
polypeptide
125
The complete oxidation of __ glucose molecule(s) yields a total of 30-32 ATP molecules.
1
126
For each citric acid molecule broken down during a citric acid cycle __ (number) hydrogen atoms are released.
8
127
The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called ____ energy.
activation
128
Multiple ribosomes associated with one mRNA strand, producing multiple copies of the polypeptide chain, form a group called a ___.
polyribosome
129
Stop codons within mRNA indicate where to end translation. What is a characteristic of these codons?
The do not have corresponding tRNA anticodons
130
Proteins called ___ function by assisting newly formed polypeptide chains to fold into their unique shapes.
chaperones
131
During cellular respiration, not all of the energy is transferred to ATP. Some is lost as ___.
heat
132
The enzymes of the electron transport chain are located in which part of the cell?
The mitochondria
133
An enzyme-substrate complex consists of a(n) __ bound to a(n) ___.
sustrate; enzyme
134
Name the hydrogen and electron carrier-molecule that is utilized during cellular respiration.
NAD
135
Indicate one of the high energy bond in an ATP molecule.
The bond attaching the third phosphate group
136
The "backbone" of a DNA molecule is formed by alternating phosphates and ___.
sugars
137
In addition to forming glycogen, excess ___ can be converted to lipids.
glucose
138
A reaction in which an enzyme may catalyze the reaction in either direction is described as __.
reversible
139
Under anaerobic conditions, NADH passes electrons to pyruvic acid, converting pyruvic acid to the molecule called ___ acid.
lactic
140
DNA replication takes place during the ___ phase of the cell cycle.
interphase
141
Each codon on mRNA is complementary to the anticodon on a molecule of ___.
tRNA
142
Hydrolysis of a disaccharide produces two types of molecules called ___.
monosaccharides
143
During the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration, oxaloacetic acid and the acetyl group combine to form ___ acid.
citric
144
True or False: Cells are equipped to repair damage and other mutations to DNA.
True; Cells have a DNA damage response called "DNA repair" that corrects altered nucleotides.
145
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA is the compound that enters the pathway called ___.
citric acid cycle
146
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
to assemble nucleotides into RNA
147
The enzyme called ATP synthase catalyzes the conversion of what compound into adenosine triphosphate?
ADP
148
What are characteristics of mRNA codons that do not match up with a corresponding tRNA?
Their function is to signal the end of translation.
149
When cellular respiration proceeds under anaerobic conditions, ___ acid accumulates. This in turn inhibits the process of glycolysis.
lactic
150
A nonprotein of an enzyme is called a(n) ___. These molecules are required for the enzyme to work.
cofactor
151
During cellular respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to___ following the lose of one carbon dioxide molecule and two hydrogen ions.
acetyl CoA
152
The enzymes for aerobic reactions of cellular respiration are found in what organelle?
Mitochondria
153
Use of an unstable nitrogenous base during the replication of DNA can lead to a type of mutation called a(n) ___ mutation.
spontaneous
154
How are cells easily able to make multiple copies of a protein?
cells can use a single mRNA to make multiple copies of the protein; many ribosomes can bind to it at the same time.
155
The enzymes that catalyze the reactions of cellular respiration are found in the cytosol (cytoplasm) and in the organelle called the ___.
mitochondria
156
The enzymes for anaerobic reactions for cellular respiration are found in what organelle?
cytosol (cytoplasm)
157
tRNA is synthesized in the ___ of a cell.
nucleus
158
In DNA, the genetic information is encoded within ___ DNA strand(s).
only one
159
As a structure called a(n) ___ moves along an mRNA strand, new amino acids are added to the growing peptide chain.
ribosome
160
During the translation phase of protein synthesis, what type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes.
transfer RNA
161
True or False: Several ribosomes can work along the same mRNA molecule, building multiple copies of the protein
True
162
The linking of complementary nucleotides during DNA replication is catalyzed by the enzyme called DNA ____.
polymerase
163
Unlike other cells of the body, sex cells (sperm and egg cells), contain ___ copy/copies of the genome.
1
164
What enzyme builds mRNA during the process of transcription forming the bonds between the nucleotides as they are assembled?
RNA polymerase
165
Following a bout of anaerobic metabolism, once oxygen is plentiful again the ___ coverts ___ to pyruvic acid.
liver; lactic acid
166
NADH is a small organic molecule that is needed for an enzyme to work properly. NADH is a(n) ___.
coenzyme
167
The process of oxidation is a process in which ___.
energy is released from molecules such as glucose
168
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
to assemble nucleotides into RNA
169
The cellular respiration pathway of glycolysis begins with the phosphorylation of a molecule of ___.
glucose
170
What is root word for "up"?
ana-
171
Define the term exome.
the portion of the genome that codes for proteins
172
When is a polypeptide considered a protein?
It has to have more that 50 amino acids
173
During cellular respiration, NADH carries hydrogen and electrons to the ___, located in the mitochondria of the cell.
electron transport chain
174
What is the meaning of the word cata-? as in catabolism
down
175
What is the root word for "causing to ferment?"
-zym
176
What is the meaning of the prefix mut-? as in mutation
change
177
Within a metabolic pathway, an enzyme present in limited amounts is called a(n) ___ enzyme; when the concentration of its substrate reaches and exceeds a certain level, the reaction rate will no longer increase.
rate-limiting
178
Non-protein components of enzymes, in general, are called ___. Some of these are organic compounds. These organic compounds are more specifically called ___.
cofactors; coenzymes
179
Dehydration reactions ___, whereas hydrolysis reactions ____.
lose H20 as bonds are broken; use H20 to form bonds
180
The term metabolism refers to ___.
all of the chemical reactions in a cell
181
Energy needed for cellular function comes from the "burning" or ____ of glucose, fats, and protein.
oxidation
182
An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is ___
negative feedback
183
The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the ___; whereas the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the ___.
cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required
184
A cofactor is ___. Examples are ____.
a necessary part of some enzymes; copper iron and zinc
185
Synthesis of a protein stops when ___
any of three "stop" condons are encountered in the mRNA
186
Name the primary energy-carrying molecule in the cell.
ATP
187
The term anabolic metabolism refers to ___.
biochemical reactions that synthesize with compounds
188
The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are:
substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.
189
If one strand of DNa has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is
AGTCCGATAAGGGC
190
Which of the following is not characteristic of enzymes?
They are most active at temperatures above 53 degrees C.
191
DNA replication occurs ___
during interphase of the cell cycle
192
A mutations is
a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology
193
Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA?
Thymine
194
A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is
glycogen
195
Transcription and Translation differ in that
transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein
196
Arsenic poisoning harms the body by
interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose
