Cells Flashcards
1
Q
A(n) ____ is a specialized structure inside a cell that performs specific functions such as extracting energy from nutrients or building proteins.
A
organelle
2
Q
Active transport is a process that moves particles through a membrane from a region of __ concentration to a region of ___ concentration.
A
low; higher
3
Q
List components of the cell membrane
A
proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates, phospholipids
4
Q
Arrange the stages of mitosis
A
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
5
Q
In filtration, a solution is pushed through a membrane by a force called ___. This is a(n) ___ transport mechanism.
A
hydrostatic pressure; passive
6
Q
Indicate the major parts of a cell, that when stained, are easily seen under the light microscope.
A
Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
7
Q
Within the nucleus, fibers called ___ are composed of protein and DNA that contains information for synthesis of proteins. The fibers condense into chromosomes during cell division.
A
chromatin
8
Q
Which cell structure acts as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of a cell.
A
the plasma membrane
9
Q
What are three functions of proteins in the cell membrane?
A
channels for ions to move through, receptors to bind to chemicals, adhere adjacent cells to each other
10
Q
Cytoplasmic division, also called ____ is the process that begins during anaphase and continues through telophase. A contractile ring forms around the middle of the cell, eventually pinching the cell into 2 new cells with identical numbers of chromosomes.
A
cytokinesis
11
Q
True or False: The cell membrane is not simply a boundary, but an actively functioning part of the cell. It is the site of important metabolic reactions and it enables communication and interaction with other cells.
A
True
12
Q
A network of microtubules and microfilaments form a structure called the ___of the cell.
A
cytoskeleton
13
Q
The molecules within the cell membrane that function in cell recognition are the ___.
A
glycoproteins
14
Q
What two organic molecules does the endoplasmic reticulum play a role in synthesizing?
A
proteins & lipids
15
Q
Organelles called ___ are membranous sacs containing powerful digestive enzymes.
A
lysosomes
16
Q
Components of the cellular structure called the ___ include phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins and cholesterol.
A
cell membrane
17
Q
Indicate the active transport mechanisms
A
Exocytosis, Transcytosis, Pinocytosis
18
Q
A(n) ____ protein is a type of protein in the cell membrane that does not span the entire membrane; instead it projects from one side only of the membrane’s surface.
A
peripheral
19
Q
What is the stage of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope forms, the nucleolus appears, and the microtubules assemble?
A
Telophase
20
Q
In ___ transport, substances are moved across a membrane against the concentration gradient.
A
active
21
Q
What occurs during prophase?
A
Chromatin coils up into chromosomes, spindle fibers form; the nucleus and nucleolus disappear
22
Q
What is the supportive network of protein rods and tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell?
A
cytoskeleton
23
Q
The ___ is an organelle composed of inter-connected membrane-bound sacs that provide a transport system and an attachment for ribosomes.
A
endoplasmic reticulum
24
Q
Within the cytoplasm, what is the clear liquid in which organelles are suspended?
A
cytosol
25
What conditions are necessary for diffusion of a substance to occur across a membrane?
membrane permeability; a concentration gradient
26
___ is the name of the transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with impermeant solute (one that cannot cross the membrane)
osmosis
27
True or False: When molecules move down a concentration gradient, it means that there is a net movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
False; molecules move down a concentration gradient when they move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
28
Indicate characteristics of vesicles.
contain substances that have just entered the cell;
| are membranous sacs; contain substances that have been produced by other organelles
29
The 3 main stages of the cell cycles are interphase, mitosis, and ___.
cytokinesis
30
In somatic cell division, the nucleus undergoes a 4-stage process of ___.
mitosis
31
What are three parts of cytoskeleton?
microfilament, intermediate filaments, microtubule
32
Sometimes described as a "shipping center", this organelle functions in packaging protein molecules for transport for transport and secretion from the cell into the extracellular environment. Which organelle is this?
Golgi Apparatus
33
What are the forces that drive active transport?
ATP & cellular energy
34
True or False: Interphase is the resting stage and therefore no cellular activity takes place.
False
35
The dense body of protein and RNA inside the nucleus, which produces ribosomes, is called ___.
nucleolus
36
During the process of ___, vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the contents outside the cell.
exocytosis
37
Identify the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
it is composed of membranous sacs; it functions in the synthesis of lipids; it functions in the synthesis of proteins; it provides attachment for ribosomes
38
Which prefix means "between"? For example, the phase between the end of one cell division and the beginning of the next.
Inter-
39
The form of cell division that only occurs in cells that give rise to sex cells is called ___.
meiosis
40
Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf ___ from extracellular fluid.
solid particles
41
What is the term given to the difference in concentration of particles from one area to another?
gradient
42
What transport mechanisms are classified as active?
active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis (in this list of options)
43
The function of the mitochondria is to ___.
synthesize ATP
44
The ___ is surrounded by an envelope and contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
nucleus
45
The basic framework of the cell membrane is a bilayer of ____ molecules.
phospholipid
46
What is the functions of the cell membrane?
It is selectively permeable; it is the site of signal transduction
47
Transmembrane integral proteins that act as pores or channels allow what type of molecule(s) to cross the cell membrane?
water & ions
48
True or False: Both facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion require no carrier to move molecules across the membrane.
false
49
Simple ___ occurs due to the random movement of atoms, molecules, or ions in air or liquid, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
diffusion
50
The term that describes the series of changes that a cell undergoes, including it's growth and division is ___ ___.
cell cycle
51
Every cell in the body ___.
has varying amounts of components
52
Moving down a concentration gradient is the movement from ___.
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
53
What is the function of ribosomes?
site of protein synthesis
54
In somatic cell division, the nucleus undergoes a 4-stage process of ___.
mitosis
55
What cell structures function to move substances, such as mucus, across the surface of a cell?
cilia
56
The prefix ___ means "below" or "less than", such as in the word lesser osmotic pressure than cytosol.
hyper
57
What houses the genetic material of a cell and directs all cell activity?
nucleus
58
Diffusion of a substance across a membrane can happen only if the membrane is ___ to that substance and a concentration gradient ___ across the membrane.
permeable; exists
59
The phase that begins after cytokinesis and ends at prophase is called ___.
interphase
60
The type of active transport mechanism in which large molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle into the cell is known as ____.
endocytosis
61
In ____ transport, substances are moved across a membrane against the concentration gradient.
active
62
The source of energy for ___ transport mechanisms is cellular energy.
active
63
What are some characteristics of phagocytosis?
it allows the body to remove damaged cells; it is an active transport mechanism; it is a line of defense against infection
64
In filtration, a solution is pushed through a membrane by a force called ___. This is a(n) ___ transport mechanism.
hydrostatic pressure; passive
65
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell that can divide
66
The passive transport mechanism in which molecules or ions move via carrier proteins from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called ____ ____.
facilitated diffusion
67
The active period of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, DNA replicates, and new organelles form, is called ___. It terminates when the cell begins mitosis
interphase
68
Cells that have the ability to divide repeatedly without specialization are called ___ cells.
stem
69
The dense body of protein and RNA inside the nucleus, which produces ribosomes, is called the ____.
nucleolus
70
What is cytosol?
the liquid part of the cytoplasm
71
What are some of the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
metabolism of drugs; lipid synthesis
72
True or False: Active transport processes require cellular energy (ATP) while passive transport processes do not require cellular energy (ATP).
true
73
Which of the following is the correct meaning for the prefix "cyt-"?
cell
74
How many new chromosomes are in each new cell after mitotic divisions?
46 chromosomes; 2 sets of 23 chromosomes
75
Sister chromatids are joined at a region called a(n) ____.
centromere
76
What are characteristics of chromatin?
condenses into chromosomes during cell division; is made of protein and DNA
77
The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes first become visible due to the tight coiling of DNA is ____.
prophase
78
The prefix "pro-" means?
before
79
A form of "programmed cell death" called ____ is a normal part of development.
apoptosis
80
What organelle is composed of a stack of five to eight membranous sacs called cisternae?
golgi apparatus
81
What organelle has enzymes necessary for lipid synthesis and metabolism of drugs?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
82
What are functions of integral proteins?
transduce signals across the membrane; transport molecules across the membrane
83
This type of pressure refers to the ability of a solution to lift volume of water as it is known as ___ pressure.
osmotic
84
Recall the sodium-potassium pump in one example of active transport that transports ___ ions out of cells and ___ ions into cells.
sodium; potassium
85
Indicate the characteristics of the cell membrane.
it functions as a boundary for the cell; it carries out important metabolic reactions; it enables communication and interaction
86
Ribosomes are composed of protein and ___.
RNA
87
Indicate 3 characteristics of cancer cells.
ability to induce angiogensis; ability to metastasize; loss of cell cycle control
88
What molecule guides a cell's interaction with other cells?
CAM
89
The material in the nucleus called ___ is composed of protein and DNA; it contains information to guide synthesis of proteins and it condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
chromatin
90
A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called an ___ solution.
isotonic
91
Indicate the components of glycoproteins.
they contain peripheral proteins; they contain carbohydrate groups
92
During anaphase _____.
centromeres break, chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
93
When cells are put into a(n) ____ solution, there is a net movement of water by osmosis out
hypertonic
94
A(n) ___ is a non-membranous structure consisting of two ___ that aid in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division.
centrosome; centrioles
95
What are characteristics of the nuclear envelope?
separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm; is a double-layered porous membrane
96
What two organic molecules does the endoplasmic reticulum play a role in synthesizing?
lipids and proteins
97
Solutions A and B are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Solution A has more solutes than Solution B. In what direction will osmosis occur?
from B to A
98
A(n) ____ protein is a type of protein in the cell membrane that does not span the entire membrane; instead it projects from only one side of the membrane's surface.
peripheral
99
The nuclear envelope is perforated with openings called nuclear ___.
pores
100
Which prefix means "within"?
endo
101
What occurs during cytokinesis?
cell membrane constricts around the center of the cell; cytoplasm is divided between the cells
102
Lysosomes contain ___ and function to ___ unwanted substances.
digestive enzymes; breakdown
103
The term (root) that means "same" or "equal" is
iso-
104
In Anaphase and Telophase, the process that results in the division of the cytoplasm is called ___.
cytokinesis
105
DNA replication occurs in the ___ phase of interphase.
S
106
The segment of the cell cycle called ___ is subdivided into the G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase.
interphase
107
What events occur during apoptosis?
cell components are degraded; phagocytes engulf cell remnants; enzymes called caspases destroy the inside of the cell.
108
What part of each phospholipid molecule in the cell membrane comes in contact with the extracellular fluid?
hydrophillic phosphate head
109
During ___ and ___ phases of Interphase, structures and molecules other than DNA are synthesized and cellular growth occurs.
G1; G2
110
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has organelles called ___ attached to its surface, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not.
ribosomes
111
What elongated organelle contains a small amount of DNA (37 genes)?
mitochondria
112
What are some external controls affecting cell division?
growth factors; hormones; space availability
113
What molecule(s) should be able to pass directly through the cell membrane?
carbon dioxide and oxygen
114
A mass of cells that has lost control of cell division produces an abnormal disorganized mass called a(n)
tumor
115
In ___ transport, a carrier molecule (sometimes called a pump) transports substances from low concentrations to higher concentrations.
active
116
Cytokinesis is ___, and begins during ___.
the division of the cytoplasm; anaphase
117
Ions are hydrophillic, and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane without help from what structure(s)?
Integral proteins; ion channels
118
What occurs in the tubules of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
folding of protein
119
What is a function of glycoproteins?
to identify the cell as being "self" or foreign
120
A(n) ___ is a motile projection attached to a basal body. It enables sperm cells to move.
flagellum
121
What are some functions of microtubules in the cell?
allow the movement of organelles within cells; maintain the shape of the cell; facilitate cilia and flagellum movement
122
What does the prefix "phag-" mean?
to eat
123
Organelles called ___ consist of two membranes; the inner membrane forms cristae.
mitochondria
124
"To drink" is correctly represented by the prefix ___
pino-
125
Facilitated diffusion allows the movement of what kind of substances across the cell membrane?
amino acids, glucose, ions
126
The cell membrane becomes ___ (more/less) permeable to water-soluble substances due to the presence of cholesterol molecules.
less
127
Differentiated cells in the body have ___ of the available genetic instructions.
all
128
The primary force that drive substances via filtration is ___ pressure.
hydrostatic
129
Blood pressure that filters water and dissolved substances through porous blood capillary walls is an example of what process?
filtration
130
Facilitated diffusion and active transport have some similarities. What characteristic is true for both facilitated diffusion and active transport?
both utilize carrier molecules
131
In a hypothetical situation, solution A is 50% potassium and solution B is 20% potassium. Which way would a potassium pump move potassium using active transport?
from solution B to A
132
What are 3 different forms of endocytosis?
receptor-mediated; phagocytosis; pinocytosis
133
A type of active transport mechanism in which a cell membrane engulfs tiny droplets of liquid from surroundings is ___.
pinocytosis
134
Cells specialize to form adult cells. The process of specialization is called ___.
differentiation
135
The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin, and the nuclear envelope reforms is ___.
telophase
136
What is an example of phagocytosis?
a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium
137
The suffix "-som" means?
body
138
Diffusional ___ occurs when the concentration of a given substance becomes uniform throughout a solution and there is no further net movement of molecules throughout the solution.
equilibrium
139
What are characteristics of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
it is a type of active transport mechanism; it requires receptors that combine with ligands
140
Organelles called ___ are formed by double membranous sacs with inner partitions (cristae) containing enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of ATP.
mitochondria
141
A ___ protein is a type of protein that binds to specific molecules, such as hormones, and triggers responses from within the cell.
receptor
142
What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis and folding of the protein into their characteristic three-dimensional shape?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
143
What is the force behind filtration?
hydrostatic pressure
144
True or False: All cells in an adult divide the same number of times.
false
145
When cells are put into a(n) ___ solution, cells gain water by osmosis and swell or possibly even burst.
hydrotonic
146
The process that involves membrane protein carriers to transport glucose or amino acids across the cell membrane down a concentration gradient is called ___ ____ .
facilitated diffusion
147
Cells with specialized characteristics are called ___.
differentiated
148
On the extracellular surface of the cell membrane, a ___ binds molecules, initiating changes in the cell.
receptor
149
The process of cellular specialization is called ___.
differentiation
150
Ion ___ are protein structures that permit ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, or chloride to cross the membrane.
channels
151
When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they will ___
shrink
152
What component of the cytoskeleton consists of slender tubes composed of the protein tubulin? These structures help facilitate movement of organelles within cells, help maintain the shape of the cell, form centrioles, and facilitate movement of the flagellum and cilia.
microtubules
153
A(n) ___ cell is a partially specialized cell that is the daughter of a stem cell and is intermediate between a stem cell and a fully differentiated cell. Their daughter cells can become any of a restricted number of cell types.
progenitor
154
Peroxisomes are membranous sacs containing ___.
enzymes that break down organic molecules
155
What is an exosome?
a vesicle that travels between cells
156
What prefix means "bladder"?
vesic-
157
Abnormal cell death resulting from damage to the cell is called ___.
necrosis
158
Which of the following terms means "away" or "apart"
apo-
159
A ___ tumor remains in place, while a ___ tumor is invasive and can spread to surrounding tissue.
benign; malignant
160
True or false: The cell membrane is a rigid structure.
false
161
Microfilaments are cytoskeleton elements made of the protein ___.
actin
162
Excess tissue fluid accumulation leads to a condition called ___.
edema
163
In the type of active transport called ___, a substance or a particle crosses a cell, combining endocytosis and exocytosis to rapidly ferry the particle through or across a cell.
transcytosis
164
Release of neurotransmitters by nerve cells or secretion of substances such as proteins from cells are examples of what type of transport?
exocytosis
165
True or False: Cholesterol enters cells via pinocytosis
false
166
Which of the following is an example of simple diffusion?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood.
167
What occurs in the tubules of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
folding of protein
168
The ___ shorten with each cell division and limit the number of divisions that can occur.
telomeres
169
Genes called __ are abnormal variants of the genes that control the cell cycle. In cancer cells they are over-expressed, increasing the rate of cell division.
oncogenes
170
During cancer development, an mutated gene may be turned __ or a tumor suppressor gene may be turned ___.
on;off
171
The tips of chromosomes called __ shorten with each mitotic division; they provide a mitotic clock.
telomeres
172
One of the functions of lysosomes is to destroy worn out cellular parts in a process called ___, meaning "eating self"
autophagy
173
During prophase, the structures called ____ begin to form microtubules called spindle fibers.
centrioles
174
What is the meaning of the root word "lys"?
to break
175
The movement of groups of vesicles transporting substances in and out of cells is called ___ trafficking.
vesicular
176
True or False: In liver cells, lysosomes break down cholesterol, toxins, and drugs.
true
177
True or False: Mitochondria are abundant in cells with high energy requirements such as muscle cells.
true
178
Stem cells that are __ have more restricted fates than stem cells that are ___.
pluripotent; totipotent
179
What are microvilli?
tiny extension of the cell membrane that absorb substances
180
The ability of stem cell to divide and give rise to at least one other stem cell is called ___.
self-renewal
181
DNA replicates during ___ but is distributed between two daughter cells curing ___.
interphase; mitosis
182
The process of glucose through a cell membrane using a carrier is an example of what process?
facilitated diffusion
183
During prophase, microtubules called ___ fibers begin to form.
spindle
